\input texinfo.tex @c -*-texinfo-*- @documentencoding UTF-8 @include version.texi @c %**start of header @setfilename mu4e.info @settitle Mu4e @value{VERSION} user manual @c Use proper quote and backtick for code sections in PDF output @c Cf. Texinfo manual 14.2 @set txicodequoteundirected @set txicodequotebacktick @c %**end of header @copying Copyright @copyright{} 2012-@value{UPDATED-YEAR} Dirk-Jan C. Binnema @quotation Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License.'' @end quotation @end copying @titlepage @title @t{Mu4e} --- an e-mail client for GNU Emacs @subtitle version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED} @author Dirk-Jan C. Binnema @c The following two commands start the copyright page. @page @vskip 0pt plus 1filll @insertcopying @end titlepage @dircategory Emacs @direntry * Mu4e: (Mu4e). An email client for GNU Emacs. @end direntry @contents @ifnottex @node Top @top mu4e manual for version @value{VERSION} @end ifnottex @iftex @node Welcome to mu4e @unnumbered Welcome to mu4e @end iftex Welcome to @t{mu4e}! @t{mu4e} (@t{mu}-for-emacs) is an e-mail client for GNU Emacs version 26.3 or newer, built on top of the @uref{https://www.djcbsoftware.nl/code/mu,mu} e-mail search engine. @t{mu4e} is optimized for quickly processing large amounts of e-mail. Some of its highlights: @itemize @item Fully search-based: there are no folders@footnote{that is, instead of folders, you use queries that match messages in a particular folder}, only queries. @item Fully documented, with example configurations @item User-interface optimized for speed, with quick key strokes for common actions @item Support for non-English languages (so ``angstrom'' matches ``Ångström'') @item Asynchronous: heavy actions don't block @t{emacs}@footnote{currently, the only exception to this is @emph{sending mail}; there are solutions for that though --- see the @ref{FAQ}} @item Support for cryptography --- signing, encrypting and decrypting @item Address auto-completion based on the contacts in your messages @item Extendable with your own snippets of elisp @end itemize In this manual, we go through the installation of @t{mu4e}, do some basic configuration and explain its daily use. We also show you how you can customize @t{mu4e} for your special needs. At the end of the manual, there are some example configurations, to get you up to speed quickly: @ref{Example configurations}. There's also a section with answers to frequently asked questions, @ref{FAQ}. @menu * Introduction:: Where to begin * Getting started:: Setting things up * Main view:: The @t{mu4e} overview * Headers view:: Lists of message headers * Message view:: Viewing specific messages * Composer:: Creating and editing messages * Searching:: Some more background on searching/queries` * Marking:: Marking messages and performing actions * Contexts:: Defining contexts and switching between them * Dynamic folders:: Folders that change based on circumstances * Actions:: Defining and using custom actions * Extending mu4e:: Writing code for @t{mu4e} * Integration:: Integrating @t{mu4e} with Emacs facilities Appendices * Other tools:: mu4e and the rest of the world * Example configurations:: Some examples to set you up quickly * FAQ:: Common questions and answers * Tips and Tricks:: Useful tips * How it works:: Some notes about the implementation of @t{mu4e} * Debugging:: How to debug problems in @t{mu4e} * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license of this manual Indices @c * Command Index:: An item for each standard command name. @c * Variable Index:: An item for each variable documented in this manual. * Concept Index:: Index of @t{mu4e} concepts and other general subjects. @end menu @node Introduction @chapter Introduction Let's get started @menu * Why another e-mail client::Aren't there enough already * Other mail clients::Where @t{mu4e} takes its inspiration from * What mu4e does not do::Focus on the core-business, delegate the rest * Becoming a mu4e user::Joining the club @end menu @node Why another e-mail client @section Why another e-mail client? I (@t{mu4e}'s author) spend a @emph{lot} of time dealing with e-mail, both professionally and privately. Having an efficient e-mail client is essential. Since none of the existing ones worked the way I wanted, I thought about creating my own. Emacs is an integral part of my workflow, so it made a lot of sense to use it for e-mail as well. And as I had already written an e-mail search engine (@t{mu}), it seemed only logical to use that as a basis. @node Other mail clients @section Other mail clients Under the hood, @t{mu4e} is fully search-based, similar to programs like @uref{https://notmuchmail.org/,notmuch} and @uref{https://sup-heliotrope.github.io/,sup}. However, @t{mu4e}'s user-interface is quite different. @t{mu4e}'s mail handling (deleting, moving, etc.)@: is inspired by @uref{http://www.gohome.org/wl/,Wanderlust} (another Emacs-based e-mail client), @uref{http://www.mutt.org/,mutt} and the @t{dired} file-manager for emacs. @t{mu4e} keeps all the `state' in your maildirs, so you can easily switch between clients, synchronize over @abbr{IMAP}, backup with @t{rsync} and so on. The Xapian-database that @t{mu} maintains is merely a @emph{cache}; if you delete it, you won't lose any information. @node What mu4e does not do @section What @t{mu4e} does not do There are a number of things that @t{mu4e} does @b{not} do, by design: @itemize @item @t{mu}/@t{mu4e} do @emph{not} get your e-mail messages from a mail server. Nor does it sync-back any changes. Those tasks are delegated to other tools, such as @uref{https://www.offlineimap.org/,offlineimap}, @uref{http://isync.sourceforge.net/,mbsync} or @uref{http://www.fetchmail.info/,fetchmail}; As long as the messages end up in a maildir, @t{mu4e} and @t{mu} are happy to deal with them. @item @t{mu4e} also does @emph{not} implement sending of messages; instead, it depends on @ref{(smtpmail) Top}, which is part of Emacs. In addition, @t{mu4e} piggybacks on Gnus' message editor. @end itemize Thus, many of the things an e-mail client traditionally needs to do, are delegated to other tools. This leaves @t{mu4e} to concentrate on what it does best: quickly finding the mails you are looking for, and handle them as efficiently as possible. @node Becoming a mu4e user @section Becoming a @t{mu4e} user If @t{mu4e} sounds like something for you, give it a shot! We're trying hard to make it as easy as possible to set up and use; and while you can use elisp in various places to augment @t{mu4e}, a lot of knowledge about programming or elisp shouldn't be required. The idea is to provide sensible defaults, and allow for customization. When you take @t{mu4e} into use, it's a good idea to subscribe to the @uref{https://groups.google.com/group/mu-discuss,mu/mu4e mailing list}. Sometimes, you might encounter some unexpected behavior while using @t{mu4e}, or have some idea on how it could work better. To report this, you can use the @uref{https://github.com/djcb/mu/issues,bug-tracker}. Please always include the following information: @itemize @item what did you expect or wish to happen? what actually happened? @item can you provide some exact steps to reproduce? @item what version of @t{mu4e} and @t{emacs} were you using? What operating system? @item can you reproduce it with @command{emacs -q} and only loading @t{mu4e}? @item if the problem is related to some specific message, please include the raw message file (appropriately anonymized, of course) @end itemize @node Getting started @chapter Getting started In this chapter, we go through the installation of @t{mu4e} and its basic setup. After we have succeeded in @ref{Getting mail}, and @pxref{Indexing your messages}, we discuss the @ref{Basic configuration}. After these steps, @t{mu4e} should be ready to go! @menu * Requirements:: What is needed * Versions:: Available stable and development versions * Installation:: How to install @t{mu} and @t{mu4e} * Getting mail:: Getting mail from a server * Initializing the message store:: Settings things up * Indexing your messages:: Creating and maintaining the index * Basic configuration:: Settings for @t{mu4e} * Folders:: Setting up standard folders * Retrieval and indexing:: Doing it from @t{mu4e} * Sending mail:: How to send mail * Running mu4e:: Overview of the @t{mu4e} views @end menu @node Requirements @section Requirements @t{mu}/@t{mu4e} are known to work on a wide variety of Unix- and Unix-like systems, including many Linux distributions, OS X and FreeBSD. Emacs 26.3 or higher is required, as well as @uref{https://xapian.org/,Xapian} and @uref{http://spruce.sourceforge.net/gmime/,GMime}. @t{mu} has optional support for the Guile (Scheme) programming language (version 3.0 or higher). There are also some GUI-toys, which require GTK+ 3.x and Webkit. If you intend to compile @t{mu} yourself, you need to have the typical development tools, such as C and C++17 compilers (both @command{gcc} and @command{clang} work), @command{meson} and @command{make}, and the development packages for GMime 3.x, GLib and Xapian. Optionally, you also need the development packages for GTK+, Webkit and Guile. @node Versions @section Versions The stable (release) versions have even minor version numbers, while the development versions have odd ones. So, for example, 1.10.5 is a stable version, while the 1.11.9 is the development version. The stable versions only receive bug fixes after being released, while the development versions get new features, fixes, and, perhaps, bugs, and are meant for people with a tolerance for that. There is support for one release branch; so, when the 1.10 release is available (and a new 1.11 development series start), no more changes are expected for the 1.8 releases. @node Installation @section Installation @t{mu4e} is part of @t{mu} --- by installing the latter, the former is installed as well. Some Linux distributions provide packaged versions of @t{mu}/@t{mu4e}; if you can use those, there is no need to compile anything yourself. However, if there are no packages for your distribution, if they are outdated, or if you want to use the latest development versions, you can follow the steps below. @subsection Dependencies The first step is to get some build dependencies. The details depend a bit on your system's setup / distribution. @itemize @item On Debian/Ubuntu and derivatives: @example $ sudo apt-get install git meson libgmime-3.0-dev libxapian-dev emacs @end example @item On Fedora and related: @example $ sudo dnf install git meson gmime30-devel xapian-core-devel emacs @end example @item Otherwise, install the equivalent of the above on your system @end itemize @subsection Getting mu The next step is to get the @t{mu} sources. There are two alternatives: @itemize @item @emph{Use a stable release} -- download a release from @url{https://github.com/djcb/mu/releases} @item @emph{Use an experimental development version} -- get it from the repository, and @t{git clone https://github.com/djcb/mu.git} @end itemize @subsection Building mu What all that in place, let's build and install @t{mu} and @t{mu4e}. Enter the directory where you unpacked or cloned @t{mu}. Then: @example $ ./configure && make $ sudo make install @end example Note: if you are familiar with @t{meson}, you can of course use its commands directly; the @t{make} commands are just a thin wrapper around that. @subsection Installation After this, @t{mu} and @t{mu4e} should be installed @footnote{there's a hard dependency between versions of @t{mu4e} and @t{mu} --- you cannot combine different versions} on your system, and be available from the command line and in Emacs. You may need to restart Emacs, so it can find @t{mu4e} in its @code{load-path}. If, even after restarting, Emacs cannot find @t{mu4e}, you may need to add it to your @code{load-path} explicitly; check where @t{mu4e} is installed, and add something like the following to your configuration before trying again: @lisp ;; the exact path may differ --- check it (add-to-list 'load-path "/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp/mu4e") @end lisp @subsection mu4e and emacs customization There is some support for using the Emacs customization system in @t{mu4e}, but for now, we recommend setting the values manually. Please refer to @ref{Example configurations} for a couple of examples of this; here we go through things step-by-step. @node Getting mail @section Getting mail In order for @t{mu} (and, by extension, @t{mu4e}) to work, you need to have your e-mail messages stored in a @uref{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maildir, Maildir}; in this manual we use the term `maildir' for both the standard and the hierarchy of maildirs that store your messages --- a specific directory structure with one-file-per-message. If you are already using a maildir, you are lucky. If not, some setup is required: @itemize @item @emph{Using an external IMAP or POP server} --- if you are using an @abbr{IMAP} or @abbr{POP} server, you can use tools like @t{getmail}, @t{fetchmail}, @t{offlineimap} or @t{isync} to download your messages into a maildir (@file{~/Maildir}, often). Because it is such a common case, there is a full example of setting @t{mu4e} up with @t{offlineimap} and Gmail; @pxref{Gmail configuration}. @item @emph{Using a local mail server} --- if you are using a local mail- server (such as @t{postfix} or @t{qmail}), you can teach them to deliver into a maildir as well, maybe in combination with @t{procmail}. A bit of googling should be able to provide you with the details. @end itemize While a @t{mu} only supports a single Maildir, it can be spread across different file-systems; and symbolic links are supported. @node Initializing the message store @section Initializing the message store The first time you run @t{mu}, you need to initialize its store (database). The default location for that is @t{~/.cache/mu/xapian}, but you can change this using the @t{--muhome} option, and remember to pass that to the other commands as well. Alternatively, you can use an environment variable @t{MUHOME}. Assuming that your maildir is at @file{~/Maildir}, we issue the following command: @example $ mu init --maildir=~/Maildir @end example You can add some e-mail addresses, so @t{mu} recognizes them as yours: @example $ mu init --maildir=~/Maildir --my-address=jim@@example.com \ --my-address=bob@@example.com @end example @t{mu} remembers the maildir and your addresses and uses them when indexing messages. If you want to change them, you need to @t{init} once again. The addresses may also be basic PCRE regular expressions, wrapped in slashes, for example: @example $ mu init --maildir=~/Maildir '--my-address=/foo-.*@@example\.com/' @end example If you want to see the values for your message-store, you can use @command{mu info}. @node Indexing your messages @section Indexing your messages After you have succeeded in @ref{Getting mail} and initialized the message database, we need to @emph{index} the messages. That is --- we need to scan the messages in the maildir and store the information about them in a special database. We can do that from @t{mu4e} --- @ref{Main view}, but the first time, it is a good idea to run it from the command line, which makes it easier to verify that everything works correctly. Assuming that your maildir is at @file{~/Maildir}, we issue the following command: @example $ mu index @end example This should scan your messages and fill the database, and give progress information while doing so. The indexing process may take a few minutes the first time you do it (for thousands of e-mails); afterwards it is much faster, since @t{mu} only scans messages that are new or have changed. Indexing is discussed in full detail in the @t{mu-index} man-page. After the indexing process has finished, you can quickly test if everything worked, by trying some command-line searches, for example @example $ mu find hello @end example which lists all messages that match @t{hello}. For more examples of searches, see @ref{Queries}, or check the @t{mu-find} and @t{mu-easy} man pages. If all of this worked well, we are well on our way setting things up; the next step is to do some basic configuration for @t{mu4e}. @node Basic configuration @section Basic configuration Before we can start using @t{mu4e}, we need to tell Emacs to load it. So, add to your @file{~/.emacs} (or its moral equivalent, such as @file{~/.emacs.d/init.el}) something like: @lisp (require 'mu4e) @end lisp If Emacs complains that it cannot find @t{mu4e}, check your @code{load-path} and make sure that @t{mu4e}'s installation directory is part of it. If not, you can add it: @lisp (add-to-list 'load-path MU4E-PATH) @end lisp with @t{MU4E-PATH} replaced with the actual path. @node Folders @section Folders The next step is to tell @t{mu4e} where it can find your Maildir, and some special folders. So, for example@footnote{Note that the folders (@t{mu4e-sent-folder}, @t{mu4e-drafts-folder}, @t{mu4e-trash-folder} and @t{mu4e-refile-folder}) can also be @emph{functions} that are evaluated at runtime. This allows for dynamically changing them depending on the situation. See @ref{Dynamic folders} for details.}: @lisp ;; these are actually the defaults (setq mu4e-sent-folder "/sent" ;; folder for sent messages mu4e-drafts-folder "/drafts" ;; unfinished messages mu4e-trash-folder "/trash" ;; trashed messages mu4e-refile-folder "/archive") ;; saved messages @end lisp The folder (maildir) names are all relative to the root-maildir (see the output of @command{mu info}). If you use @t{mu4e-context}, see @ref{Contexts and special folders} for what that means for these special folders. @node Retrieval and indexing @section Retrieval and indexing with mu4e @cindex mail retrieval @cindex indexing As we have seen, we can do all of the mail retrieval @emph{outside} of Emacs/@t{mu4e}. However, you can also do it from within @t{mu4e}. @subsection Basics To set up mail-retrieval from within @t{mu4e}, set the variable @code{mu4e-get-mail-command} to the program or shell command you want to use for retrieving mail. You can then get your e-mail using @kbd{M-x mu4e-update-mail-and-index}, or @kbd{C-S-u} in all @t{mu4e}-views; alternatively, you can use @kbd{C-c C-u}, which may be more convenient if you use emacs in a terminal. You can kill the (foreground) update process with @kbd{q}. It is possible to update your mail and index periodically in the background or foreground, by setting the variable @code{mu4e-update-interval} to the number of seconds between these updates. If set to @code{nil}, it won't update at all. After you make changes to @code{mu4e-update-interval}, @t{mu4e} must be restarted before the changes take effect. By default, this will run in background and to change it to run in foreground, set @code{mu4e-index-update-in-background} to @code{nil}. After updating has completed, @t{mu4e} keeps the output in a buffer @t{*mu4e-last-update*}, which you can use for diagnosis if needed. @subsection Handling errors during mail retrieval If the mail-retrieval process returns with a non-zero exit code, @t{mu4e} shows a warning (unless @code{mu4e-index-update-error-warning} is set to @code{nil}), but then try to index your maildirs anyway (unless @code{mu4e-index-update-error-continue} is set to @code{nil}). Reason for these defaults is that some of the mail-retrieval programs may return non-zero, even when the updating process succeeded; however, it is hard to tell such pseudo-errors from real ones like `login failed'. If you need more refinement, it may be useful to wrap the mail-retrieval program in a shell-script, for example @t{fetchmail} returns 1 to indicate `no mail'; we can handle that with: @lisp (setq mu4e-get-mail-command "fetchmail -v || [ $? -eq 1 ]") @end lisp A similar approach can be used with other mail retrieval programs, although not all of them have their exit codes documented. @subsection Implicit mail retrieval If you don't have a specific command for getting mail, for example because you are running your own mail-server, you can leave @code{mu4e-get-mail-command} at @t{"true"} (the default), in which case @t{mu4e} won't try to get new mail, but still re-index your messages. @subsection Speeding up indexing If you have a large number of e-mail messages in your store, (re)indexing might take a while. The defaults for indexing are to ensure that we always have correct, up-to-date information about your messages, even if other programs have modified the Maildir. The downside of this thoroughness (which is the default) is that it is relatively slow, something that can be noticeable with large e-mail corpora on slow file-systems. For a faster approach, you can use the following: @lisp (setq mu4e-index-cleanup nil ;; don't do a full cleanup check mu4e-index-lazy-check t) ;; don't consider up-to-date dirs @end lisp In many cases, the mentioned thoroughness might not be needed, and these settings give a very significant speed-up. If it does not work for you (e.g., @t{mu4e} fails to find some new messages), simply leave at the default. Note that you can occasionally run a thorough indexing round using @code{mu4e-update-index-nonlazy}. For further details, please refer to the @t{mu-index} manpage; in particular, see @t{.noindex} and @t{.noupdate} which can help reducing the indexing time. @subsection Example setup A simple setup could look something like: @lisp (setq mu4e-get-mail-command "offlineimap" ;; or fetchmail, or ... mu4e-update-interval 300) ;; update every 5 minutes @end lisp A hook @code{mu4e-update-pre-hook} is available which is run right before starting the process. That can be useful, for example, to influence, @code{mu4e-get-mail-command} based on the the current situation (location, time of day, ...). It is possible to get notifications when the indexing process does any updates --- for example when receiving new mail. See @code{mu4e-index-updated-hook} and some tips on its usage in the @ref{FAQ}. @node Sending mail @section Sending mail @t{mu4e} uses Emacs's @ref{(message) Top,,message-mode} for writing mail. For sending mail using @abbr{SMTP}, @t{mu4e} uses @ref{(smtpmail) Top,,smtpmail}. This package supports many different ways to send mail; please refer to its documentation for the details. Here, we only provide some simple examples --- for more, see @ref{Example configurations}. A very minimal setup: @lisp ;; tell message-mode how to send mail (setq message-send-mail-function 'smtpmail-send-it) ;; if our mail server lives at smtp.example.org; if you have a local ;; mail-server, simply use 'localhost' here. (setq smtpmail-smtp-server "smtp.example.org") @end lisp Since @t{mu4e} (re)uses the same @t{message mode} and @t{smtpmail} that Gnus uses, many settings for those also apply to @t{mu4e}. @subsection Dealing with sent messages By default, @t{mu4e} puts a copy of messages you sent in the folder determined by @code{mu4e-sent-folder}. In some cases, this may not be what you want - for example, when using Gmail-over-@abbr{IMAP}, this interferes with Gmail's handling of the sent messages folder, and you may end up with duplicate messages. You can use the variable @code{mu4e-sent-messages-behavior} to customize what happens with sent messages. The default is the symbol @code{sent} which, as mentioned, causes the message to be copied to your sent-messages folder. Other possible values are the symbols @code{trash} (the sent message is moved to the trash-folder (@code{mu4e-trash-folder}), and @code{delete} to simply discard the sent message altogether (so Gmail can deal with it). For Gmail-over-@abbr{IMAP}, you could add the following to your settings: @verbatim ;; don't save messages to Sent Messages, Gmail/IMAP takes care of this (setq mu4e-sent-messages-behavior 'delete) @end verbatim And that's it! We should now be ready to go. For more complex needs, @code{mu4e-sent-messages-behavior} can also be a parameter-less function that returns one of the mentioned symbols; see the built-in documentation for the variable. @node Running mu4e @section Running mu4e After following the steps in this chapter, we now (hopefully!) have a working @t{mu4e} setup. Great! In the next chapters, we walk you through the various views in @t{mu4e}. For your orientation, the diagram below shows how the views relate to each other, and the default key-bindings to navigate between them. @cartouche @verbatim [C] +--------+ [RFCE] --------> | editor | <-------- / +--------+ \ / [RFCE]^ \ / | \ +-------+ [sjbB]+---------+ [RET] +---------+ | main | <---> | headers | <----> | message | +-------+ [q] +---------+ [qbBjs] +---------+ [sjbB] ^ [.] | [q] V +-----+ | raw | +-----+ Default bindings ---------------- R: Reply s: search .: raw view (toggle) F: Forward j: jump-to-maildir q: quit C: Compose b: bookmark-search E: Edit B: edit bookmark-search @end verbatim @end cartouche @node Main view @chapter The main view After you have installed @t{mu4e} (@pxref{Getting started}), you can start it with @kbd{M-x mu4e}. @t{mu4e} does some checks to ensure everything is set up correctly, and then shows you the @t{mu4e} main view. Its major mode is @code{mu4e-main-mode}. @menu * Overview: MV Overview. What is the main view * Basic actions::What can we do * Bookmarks and Maildirs: Bookmarks and Maildirs. Jumping to other places * Miscellaneous::Notes @end menu @node MV Overview @section Overview The main view looks something like the following: @cartouche @verbatim * mu4e - mu for emacs version x.y.z Basics * [j]ump to some maildir * enter a [s]earch query * [C]ompose a new message Bookmarks * [bu] Unread messages 13085(+3)/13085 * [bt] Today's messages * [bw] Last 7 days 53(+3)/128 * [bp] Messages with images 75/2441 Maildirs * [ja] /archive 2101/18837 * [ji] /inbox 8(+2)/10 * [jb] /bulk 33/35 * [jB] /bulkarchive 179/2090 * [jm] /mu 694(+1)/17687 * [jn] /sauron * [js] /sent Misc * [;]Switch context * [U]pdate email & database * toggle [m]ail sending mode (currently direct) * [f]lush 1 queued mail * [N]ews * [A]bout mu4e * [H]elp * [q]uit Info * last-updated : Sat Dec 31 16:43:56 2022 * database-path : /home/pam/.cache/mu/xapian * maildir : /home/pam/Maildir * in store : 86179 messages * personal addresses : /.*example.com/, pam@@example.com @end verbatim @end cartouche Let's walk through the menu. @node Basic actions @section Basic actions First, the @emph{Basics}: @itemize @item @t{[j]ump to some maildir}: after pressing @key{j} (``jump''), @t{mu4e} asks you for a maildir to visit. These are the maildirs you set in @ref{Basic configuration} and any of your own. If you choose @key{o} (``other'') or @key{/}, you can choose from all maildirs under the root-maildir. After choosing a maildir, the messages in that maildir are listed, in the @ref{Headers view}. @item @t{enter a [s]earch query}: after pressing @key{s}, @t{mu4e} asks you for a search query, and after entering one, shows the results in the @ref{Headers view}. @item @t{[C]ompose a new message}: after pressing @key{C}, you are dropped in the @ref{Composer} to write a new message. @end itemize @node Bookmarks and Maildirs @section Bookmarks and Maildirs The next two items in the Main view are @emph{Bookmarks} and @emph{Maildirs}. Bookmarks are predefined queries with a descriptive name and a shortcut. In the example above, we see the default bookmarks. You can pick a bookmark by pressing @key{b} followed by the specific bookmark's shortcut. If you want to edit the bookmarked query before invoking it, use @key{B}. @cindex baseline Next to each bookmark are some numbers that indicate the unread(delta)/all matching messages for the given query, with the delta being the difference in unread count since some ``baseline'', and only shown when this delta > 0. Note that the ``delta'' has its limitations: if you, for instance, deleted 5 messages and received 5 new one, the ``delta'' would be 0, although there were changes indeed. So it is mostly useful for tracking changes while you are @emph{not} using @t{mu4e}. For this reason, you can reset the baseline manually, e.g. by visiting the main view . By comparing current results with the baseline, you can quickly what new messages have arrived since the last time you looked. The baseline@footnote{For debugging, it can be useful to see the time for the baseline - for that, there is the @code{mu4e-baseline-time} command} . is reset automatically when switching to the main view, or invoking @code{buffer-revert} (@kbd{g}) while in the main-view. Visiting the ``favorite'' bookmark does the same(explained below). Bookmarks are stored in the variable @code{mu4e-bookmarks}; you can add your own and/or replace the default ones; @xref{Bookmarks}. For instance: @lisp (add-to-list 'mu4e-bookmarks ;; add bookmark for recent messages on the Mu mailing list. '( :name "Mu7Days" :key ?m :query "list:mu-discuss.googlegroups.com AND date:7d..now")) @end lisp There are optional keys @t{:hide} to hide the bookmark from the main menu, but still have it available (using @key{b})) and @t{:hide-unread} to avoid generating the unread-number; that can be useful if you have bookmarks for slow queries. Note that @t{:hide-unread} is implied when the query is not a string; this for the common case where the query function involves some user input, which would be disruptive in this case. There is also the optional @code{:favorite} property, which at most one bookmark should have; this bookmark is highlighted in the main view, and its unread-status is shown in the modeline; @xref{Modeline}, and you can enable desktop notifications; @xref{Desktop notifications}. We'd recommend creating such a ``favorite'', which should match message that require your quick attention: @lisp (add-to-list 'mu4e-bookmarks ;; bookmark for message that require quick attention '( :name "Urgent" :key ?u :query "maildir:/inbox AND from:boss@@exmaple.com")) @end lisp Note that @t{mu4e} resets the baseline when you are interacting with it (for instance, when you visit the urgent bookmark, or when you go to the main view); in such cases, there won't be any further notifications. The @emph{Maildirs} item is very similar to Bookmarks -- consider maildirs here as being a special kind of bookmark query that matches a Maildir. You can configure this using the variable @code{mu4e-maildir-shortcuts}; see its docstring and @ref{Maildir searches} for more details. @node Miscellaneous @section Miscellaneous Finally, there are some @emph{Misc} (miscellaneous) actions: @itemize @item @t{[U]pdate email & database} executes the shell-command in the variable @code{mu4e-get-mail-command}, and afterwards updates the @t{mu} database; see @ref{Indexing your messages} and @ref{Getting mail} for details. @item @t{[R]eset query-results baseline} this reset the current 'baseline' for query and updates the screen; see @ref{Bookmarks and Maildirs}. @item @t{toggle [m]ail sending mode (direct)} toggles between sending mail directly, and queuing it first (for example, when you are offline), and @t{[f]lush queued mail} flushes any queued mail. This item is visible only if you have actually set up mail-queuing. @ref{Queuing mail} @item @t{[A]bout mu4e} provides general information about the program @item @t{[H]elp} shows help information for this view @item Finally, @t{[q]uit mu4e} quits your @t{mu4e}-session@footnote{@t{mu4e-quit}; or with a @t{C-u} prefix argument, it merely buries the buffer} @end itemize @node Headers view @chapter The headers view The headers view shows the results of a query. The header-line shows the names of the fields. Below that, there is a line with those fields, for each matching message, followed by a footer line. The major-mode for the headers view is @code{mu4e-headers-mode}. @menu * Overview: HV Overview. What is the Header View * Keybindings::Do things with your keyboard * Marking: HV Marking. Selecting messages for doing things * Sorting and threading::Influencing how headers are shown * Folding threads:: Showing and hiding thread contents * Custom headers: HV Custom headers. Adding your own headers * Actions: HV Actions. Defining and using actions * Buffer display:: How and where the buffers are displayed @end menu @node HV Overview @section Overview An example headers view: @cartouche @verbatim Date V Flgs From/To List Subject 06:32 Nu To Edmund Dantès GstDev Gstreamer-V4L2SINK ... 15:08 Nu Abbé Busoni GstDev ├> ... 18:20 Nu Pierre Morrel GstDev │└> ... 07:48 Nu To Edmund Dantès GstDev └> ... 2013-03-18 S Jacopo EmacsUsr emacs server on win... 2013-03-18 S Mercédès EmacsUsr └> ... 2013-03-18 S Beachamp EmacsUsr Re: Copying a whole... 22:07 Nu Albert de Moncerf EmacsUsr └> ... 2013-03-18 S Gaspard Caderousse GstDev Issue with GESSimpl... 2013-03-18 Ss Baron Danglars GuileUsr Guile-SDL 0.4.2 ava... End of search results @end verbatim @end cartouche Some notes to explain what you see in the example: @itemize @item The fields shown in the headers view can be influenced by customizing the variable @code{mu4e-headers-fields}; see @code{mu4e-header-info} for the list of built-in fields. Apart from the built-in fields, you can also create custom fields using @code{mu4e-header-info-custom}; see @ref{HV Custom headers} for details. @item By default, the date is shown with the @t{:human-date} field, which shows the @emph{time} for today's messages, and the @emph{date} for older messages. If you do not want to distinguish between `today' and `older', you can use the @t{:date} field instead. @item You can customize the date and time formats with the variable @code{mu4e-headers-date-format} and @code{mu4e-headers-time-format}, respectively. In the example, we use @code{:human-date}, which shows the time when the message was sent today, and the date otherwise. @item By default, the subject is shown using the @t{:subject} field; however, it is also possible to use @t{:thread-subject}, which shows the subject of a thread only once, similar to the display of the @t{mutt} e-mail client. @item The header field used for sorting is indicated by ``@t{V}'' or ``@t{^}''@footnote{or you can use little graphical triangles; see variable @code{mu4e-use-fancy-chars}}, corresponding to the sort order (descending or ascending, respectively). You can influence this by a mouse click, or @key{O}. Not all fields allow sorting. @item Instead of showing the @t{From:} and @t{To:} fields separately, you can use From/To (@t{:from-or-to} in @code{mu4e-headers-fields} as a more compact way to convey the most important information: it shows @t{From:} @emph{except} when the e-mail was sent by the user (i.e., you) --- in that case it shows @t{To:} (prefixed by @t{To}@footnote{You can customize this by changing the variable @code{mu4e-headers-from-or-to-prefix} (a cons cell)}, as in the example above). @item The `List' field shows the mailing-list a message is sent to; @code{mu4e} tries to create a convenient shortcut for the mailing-list name; the variable @code{mu4e-user-mailing-lists} can be used to add your own shortcuts. You can use @code{mu4e-mailing-list-patterns} to specify generic shortcuts. For instance, to shorten list names to the part before @t{-list}, you could use: @lisp (setq mu4e-mailing-list-patterns '("\\`\\([-_a-z0-9.]+\\)-list")) @end lisp @item The letters in the `Flags' field correspond to the following: D=@emph{draft}, F=@emph{flagged} (i.e., `starred'), N=@emph{new}, P=@emph{passed} (i.e., forwarded), R=@emph{replied}, S=@emph{seen}, T=@emph{trashed}, a=@emph{has-attachment}, x=@emph{encrypted}, s=@emph{signed}, u=@emph{unread}. The tooltip for this field also contains this information. @item The subject field also indicates the discussion threads, following @uref{https://www.jwz.org/doc/threading.html,Jamie Zawinski's mail threading algorithm}. @item The headers view is @emph{automatically updated} if any changes are found during the indexing process, and if there is no current user-interaction. If you do not want such automatic updates, set @code{mu4e-headers-auto-update} to @code{nil}. @item Just before executing a search, a hook-function @code{mu4e-search-hook} is invoked, which receives the search expression as its parameter. @item Also, there is a hook-function @code{mu4e-headers-found-hook} available which is invoked just after @t{mu4e} has completed showing the messages in the headers-view. @end itemize @node Keybindings @section Keybindings Using the below key bindings, you can do various things with these messages; these actions are also listed in the @t{Headers} menu in the Emacs menu bar. @verbatim key description =========================================================== n,p view the next, previous message ],[ move to the next, previous unread message },{ move to the next, previous thread y select the message view (if visible) RET open the message at point in the message view searching --------- s search S edit last query / narrow the search b search bookmark B edit bookmark before search c search query with completion j jump to maildir M-left,\ previous query M-right next query O change sort order P toggle search property marking ------- d mark for moving to the trash folder = mark for removing trash flag ('untrash') DEL,D mark for complete deletion m mark for moving to another maildir folder r mark for refiling +,- mark for flagging/unflagging ?,! mark message as unread, read u unmark message at point U unmark *all* messages % mark based on a regular expression T,t mark whole thread, subthread ,* mark for 'something' (decide later) # resolve deferred 'something' marks x execute actions for the marked messages threads ------- S-left goto root TAB toggle threading at current level S-TAB toggle all threading composition ----------- R,W,F,C reply/reply-to-all/forward/compose E edit (only allowed for draft messages) misc ---- a execute some custom action on a header | pipe message through shell command C-+,C-- increase / decrease the number of headers shown H get help C-S-u update mail & reindex C-c C-u update mail & reindex q leave the headers buffer @end verbatim Some keybindings are available through minor modes: @itemize @item Context; see @pxref{Contexts}. @item Composition; see @pxref{Composer} and @t{mu4e-compose-minor-mode} @end itemize @node HV Marking @section Marking You can @emph{mark} messages for a certain action, such as deletion or move. After one or more messages are marked, you can then execute (@code{mu4e-mark-execute-all}, @key{x}) these actions. This two-step mark-execute sequence is similar to what e.g. @t{dired} does. It is how @t{mu4e} tries to be as quick as possible, while avoiding accidents. The mark/unmark commands support the @emph{region} (i.e., ``selection'') --- so, for example, if you select some messages and press @key{DEL}, all messages in the region are marked for deletion. You can mark all messages that match a certain pattern with @key{%}. In addition, you can mark all messages in the current thread (@key{T}) or sub-thread (@key{t}). When you do a new search or refresh the headers buffer while you still have marked messages, you are asked what to do with those marks --- whether to @emph{apply} them before leaving, or @emph{ignore} them. This behavior can be influenced with the variable @code{mu4e-headers-leave-behavior}. For more information about marking, see @ref{Marking}. @node Sorting and threading @section Sorting and threading By default, @t{mu4e} sorts messages by date, in descending order: the most recent messages are shown at the top. In addition, be default @t{mu4e} shows the message @emph{threads}, i.e., the tree structure representing a discussion thread; this also affects the sort order: the top-level messages are sorted by the date of the @emph{newest} message in the thread. The header field used for sorting is indicated by ``@t{V}'' or ``@t{^}''@footnote{or you can use little graphical triangles; see variable @code{mu4e-use-fancy-chars}}, indicating the sort order (descending or ascending, respectively). You can change the sort order by clicking the corresponding column with the mouse, or with @kbd{M-x mu4e-headers-change-sorting} (@key{O}); note that not all fields can be used for sorting. You can toggle threading on/off through @kbd{M-x mu4e-headers-toggle-property} or @key{Pt}. For both of these functions, unless you provide a prefix argument (@key{C-u}), the current search is updated immediately using the new parameters. You can toggle full-search (@ref{Searching}) through @kbd{M-x mu4e-headers-toggle-property} as well; or @key{Pf}. Note that with threading enabled, the sorting is exclusively by date, regardless of the column clicked. If you want to change the defaults for these settings, you can use the variables @code{mu4e-search-sort-field} and @code{mu4e-search-show-threads}, as well as @code{mu4e-search-change-sorting} to change the sorting of the current search results. @node Folding threads @section Folding threads It is possible to fold threads - that is, visually collapse threads into a single line (and the reverse), by default using the @key{TAB} and @key{S-TAB} bindings. Note that the collapsing is always for threads as a whole, not for sub-threads. Folding stops at the @emph{first unread message}, unless you set @code{mu4e-thread-fold-unread}. Similarly, when a thread has marked messages, the folding stops at the first marked message. Marking folded messages is not allowed as it is too error-prone. Thread-mode functionality is only available with @code{mu4e-search-threads} enabled; this triggers a minor mode @code{mu4e-thread-mode} in the headers-view. For now, this functionality is not available in the message view, due to the conflicting key bindings. If you want to automatically fold all threads after a query, you can use a hook: @lisp (add-hook 'mu4e-thread-mode-hook #'mu4e-thread-fold-apply-all) @end lisp By default, single-child threads are @emph{not} collapsed, since it would result in replacing a single line with the collapsed one. However, if, for consistency, you also want to fold those, you can use @t{mu4e-thread-fold-single-children}. @node HV Custom headers @section Custom headers Sometimes the normal headers that @t{mu4e} offers (Date, From, To, Subject, etc.)@: may not be enough. For these cases, @t{mu4e} offers @emph{custom headers} in both the headers-view and the message-view. You can do so by adding a description of your custom header to @code{mu4e-header-info-custom}, which is a list of custom headers. Let's look at an example --- suppose we want to add a custom header that shows the number of recipients for a message, i.e., the sum of the number of recipients in the @t{To:} and @t{Cc:} fields. Let's further suppose that our function takes a message-plist as its argument (@ref{Message functions}). @lisp (add-to-list 'mu4e-header-info-custom '(:recipnum . ( :name "Number of recipients" ;; long name, as seen in the message-view :shortname "Recip#" ;; short name, as seen in the headers view :help "Number of recipients for this message" ;; tooltip :function (lambda (msg) (format "%d" (+ (length (mu4e-message-field msg :to)) (length (mu4e-message-field msg :cc)))))))) @end lisp Or, let's get the contents of the Jabber-ID header. @lisp (add-to-list 'mu4e-header-info-custom '(:jabber-id . ( :name "Jabber-ID" ;; long name, as seen in the message-view :shortname "JID" ;; short name, as seen in the headers view :help "The Jabber ID" ;; tooltip ;; uses mu4e-fetch-field which is rel. slow, so only appropriate ;; for mu4e-view-fields, and _not_ mu4e-headers-fields :function (lambda (msg) (or (mu4e-fetch-field msg "Jabber-ID") ""))))) @end lisp You can then add the custom header to your @code{mu4e-headers-fields} or @code{mu4e-view-fields}, just like the built-in headers. However, there is an important caveat: when your custom header in @code{mu4e-headers-fields}, the function is invoked for each of your message headers in search results, and if it is slow, would dramatically slow down @t{mu4e}. @node HV Actions @section Actions @code{mu4e-headers-action} (@key{a}) lets you pick custom actions to perform on the message at point. You can specify these actions using the variable @code{mu4e-headers-actions}. See @ref{Actions} for the details. @t{mu4e} defines some default actions. One of those is for @emph{capturing} a message: @key{a c} `captures' the current message. Next, when you're editing some message, you can include the previously captured message as an attachment, using @code{mu4e-compose-attach-captured-message}. See @file{mu4e-actions.el} in the @t{mu4e} source distribution for more example actions. @node Buffer display @section Buffer display By default, @t{mu4e} will attempt to manage the display of its own buffers. For headers and message views, the variable @code{mu4e-split-view} is @t{mu4e's} built-in way to decide how and where they are shown. @subsection Split view You can control how @t{mu4e} displays its buffers, including the @ref{Headers view} and the @ref{Message view}, by customizing @code{mu4e-split-view}. There are several options available: @itemize @item @t{horizontal} (this is the default): display the message view below the header view. Use @code{mu4e-headers-visible-lines} the set the number of lines shown (default: 8). @item @t{vertical}: display the message view on the right side of the header view. Use @code{mu4e-headers-visible-columns} to set the number of visible columns (default: 30). @item @t{single-window}: single window mode. Single-window mode tries to minimize mu4e window operations (opening, killing, resizing, etc) and buffer changes, while still retaining the view and headers buffers. In addition, it replaces @t{mu4e}'s main view with a minibuffer-prompt containing the same information. @item anything else: prefer reusing the same window, where possible. @end itemize Note that using a window-returning @emph{function} for @code{mu4e-split-view} is no longer supported, instead you can use @code{display-buffer-alist}, see the section on further display customization. @noindent Some useful key bindings in the split view: @itemize @item @key{C-+} and @key{C--}: interactively change the number of columns or headers shown @item You can change the selected window from the headers-view to the message-view and vice-versa with @code{mu4e-select-other-view}, bound to @key{y} @end itemize @subsection Further customization However, @t{mu4e}'s display rules are provisional; you can override them easily by customizing @code{display-buffer-alist}, which governs how Emacs -- and thus @t{mu4e} -- must display your buffers. Let's look at some examples. @subsection Fine-tuning the main buffer display By default @t{mu4e}'s main buffer occupies the complete frame, but this can be changed to use the current window: @lisp (add-to-list 'display-buffer-alist `(,(regexp-quote mu4e-main-buffer-name) display-buffer-same-window)) @end lisp @subsection Fine-tuning headers buffer display You do not need to configure @code{mu4e-split-view} for this to work. In the absence of explicit rules to the contrary, @t{mu4e} will fall back on the value you have set in @code{mu4e-split-view}. Here is an example that displays the headers buffer in a side window to the right. It occupies half of the width of the frame. @lisp (add-to-list 'display-buffer-alist `(,(regexp-quote mu4e-headers-buffer-name) display-buffer-in-side-window (side . right) (window-width . 0.5))) @end lisp You can type @key{C-x w s} to toggle the side windows to hide or show them at will. Note that you may need to customize @code{mu4e-view-rendered-hook} as well; by default it contains @code{mu4e-resize-linked-headers-window} but you can set it to @code{nil} if you want to handle manually (through @code{display-buffer-alist}. @node Message view @chapter The message view This chapter discusses the message view, the view for reading e-mail messages. After selecting a message in the @ref{Headers view}, it appears in a message view window, which shows the message headers, followed by the message body. Its major mode is @code{mu4e-view-mode}, which derives from @t{gnus-article-mode}. @menu * Overview: MSGV Overview. What is the Message View * Keybindings: MSGV Keybindings. Do things with your keyboard * Rich-text and images: MSGV Rich-text and images. Reading rich-text messages * Attachments and MIME-parts: MSGV Attachments and MIME-parts. Working with attachments and other MIME parts * Custom headers: MSGV Custom headers. Your very own headers * Actions: MSGV Actions. Defining and using actions * Detaching & reattaching: MSGV Detaching and reattaching. Multiple message views. @end menu @node MSGV Overview @section Overview An example message view: @cartouche @verbatim From: randy@epiphyte.com To: julia@eruditorum.org Subject: Re: some pics Flags: seen, attach Date: Thu, 11 Feb 2021 12:59:30 +0200 (4 weeks, 3 days, 21 hours ago) Maildir: /inbox Attachments: [2. image/jpeg; DSCN4961.JPG]... [3. image/jpeg; DSCN4962.JPG]... Hi Julia, Some pics from our trip to Cerin Amroth. Enjoy! All the best, Randy. On Sun 21 Dec 2003 09:06:34 PM EET, Julia wrote: [....] @end verbatim @end cartouche Some notes: @itemize @item The variable @code{mu4e-view-fields} determines the header fields to be shown; see @code{mu4e-header-info} for a list of built-in fields. Apart from the built-in fields, you can also create custom fields using @code{mu4e-header-info-custom}; see @ref{MSGV Custom headers}. @item For search-related operations, see @ref{Searching}. @item You can scroll down the message using @key{SPC}; if you do this at the end of a message,it automatically takes you to the next one. If you want to prevent this behavior, set @code{mu4e-view-scroll-to-next} to @code{nil}. @end itemize @node MSGV Keybindings @section Keybindings You can find most things you can do with this message in the @emph{View} menu, or by using the keyboard; the default bindings are: @verbatim key description ============================================================== n,p view the next, previous message ],[ move to the next, previous unread message },{ move to the next, previous thread y select the headers view (if visible) RET scroll down M-RET open URL at point / attachment at point SPC scroll down, if at end, move to next message S-SPC scroll up searching --------- s search S edit last query / narrow the search b search bookmark B edit bookmark before search c search query with completion j jump to maildir O change sort order P toggle search property M-left previous query M-right next query marking messages ---------------- d mark for moving to the trash folder = mark for removing trash flag ('untrash') DEL,D mark for complete deletion m mark for moving to another maildir folder r mark for refiling +,- mark for flagging/unflagging u unmark message at point U unmark *all* messages % mark based on a regular expression T,t mark whole thread, subthread ,* mark for 'something' (decide later) # resolve deferred 'something' marks x execute actions for the marked messages composition ----------- R,W,F,C reply/reply-to-all/forward/compose E edit (only allowed for draft messages) actions ------- g go to (visit) numbered URL (using `browse-url') (or: or M-RET with point on URL) C-u g visits multiple URLs f fetch (download )the numbered URL. C-u f fetches multiple URLs k save the numbered URL in the kill-ring. C-u k saves multiple URLs e extract (save) one or more attachments (asks for numbers) (or: or S-RET with point on attachment) a execute some custom action on the message A execute some custom action on the message's MIME-parts misc ---- z, Z detach (or reattach) a message view to a headers buffer . show the raw message view. 'q' takes you back. C-+,C-- increase / decrease the number of headers shown H get help C-S-u update mail & reindex q leave the message view @end verbatim Some keybindings are available through minor modes: @itemize @item Context; see @pxref{Contexts} @item Composition; see @pxref{Composer} and @t{mu4e-compose-minor-mode} @end itemize For the marking commands, please refer to @ref{Marking messages}. @node MSGV Rich-text and images @section Reading rich-text messages @cindex rich-text These days, many e-mail messages contain rich-text (typically, HTML); either as an alternative to a text-only version, or even as the only option. By default, mu4e tries to display the 'richest' option, which is the last MIME-part of the alternatives. You can customize this to prefer the text version, if available, with something like the following in your configuration (and see the docstring for @t{mm-discouraged-alternatives} for details): @lisp (with-eval-after-load "mm-decode" (add-to-list 'mm-discouraged-alternatives "text/html") (add-to-list 'mm-discouraged-alternatives "text/richtext")) @end lisp When displaying rich-text messages inline, @t{mu4e} (through @t{gnus}) uses the @t{shr} built-in HTML-renderer. If you're using a dark color theme, and the messages are hard to read, it can help to change the luminosity, e.g.: @lisp (setq shr-color-visible-luminance-min 80) @end lisp Note that you can switch between the HTML and text versions by clicking on the relevant part in the messages headers; you can make it even clearer by indicating them in the message itself, using: @lisp (setq gnus-unbuttonized-mime-types nil) @end lisp @subsection Inline images When you run Emacs in graphical mode, by default images attached to messages are shown inline in the message view buffer. To disable this, set @code{gnus-inhibit-images} to @t{t}. By default, external images in HTML are not retrieved from external URLs because they can be used to track you. Apart from that, you can also control whether to load remote images; since loading remote images is often used for privacy violations, by default this is not allowed. You can specify what URLs to block by setting @code{gnus-blocked-images} to a regular expression or to a function that will receive a single parameter which is not meaningful for @t{mu4e}. For example, to enable images in Github notifications, you could use the following: @lisp (setq gnus-blocked-images (lambda(&optional _ignore) (if (mu4e-message-contact-field-matches (mu4e-message-at-point) :from "notifications@@github.com") nil "."))) @end lisp @code{mu4e} inherits the default @t{gnus-blocked-images} from Gnus and ensures that it works with @t{mu4e} too. However, mu4e is not Gnus, so if you have Gnus-specific settings for @t{gnus-blocked-images}, you should verify that they have the desired effect in @code{mu4e} as well. @node MSGV Attachments and MIME-parts @section Attachments and MIME-parts @cindex attachments @cindex mime-parts E-mail messages can be though as a series of ``MIME-parts'', which are sections of the message. The most prominent is the 'body', that is the main message your are reading. Many e-mail messages also contains @emph{attachments}, which MIME-parts that contain files@footnote{Attachments come in two flavors: @c{inline} and @c{attachment}. @t{mu4e} does not distinguish between them when operating on them; everything that specifies a filename is considered an attachment}. To save such attachments as files on your file systems, the @t{mu4e} message-view offers the command @code{mu4e-view-save-attachments}; default keybinding is @key{e} (think @emph{extract}). After invoking the command, you can enter the file names to save, comma-separated, and using the completion support. Press @key{RET} to save the chosen files to your file-system. With a prefix argument, you get to choose the target-directory, otherwise, @t{mu4e} determines it following the variable @t{mu4e-attachment-dir} (which can be file-system path or a function; see its docstring for details. While completing, @code{mu4e-view-completion-minor-mode} is active, which offers @code{mu4e-view-complete-all} (bound to @key{C-c C-a} to complete @emph{all} files@footnote{Except when using 'Helm'; in that case, use the Helm-mechanism for selecting multiple}. @subsection MIME-parts Not all MIME-parts are message bodies or attachments, and it can be useful to operate on those other parts as well. For that, there is the function @code{mu4e-view-mime-part-action} (default key-binding @key{A}). You can pass the number of the MIME-pars (as seen in the message view) as a prefix argument, otherwise you get to get to choose from a completion menu. After choosing one or more MIME-parts, you are asked for an action to apply to them; see the variable @code{mu4e-view-mime-part-actions} for the possibilities; and you can add your own actions as well, see @ref{MIME-part actions} for some example. @node MSGV Custom headers @section Custom headers @cindex custom headers Sometimes the normal headers (Date, From, To, Subject, etc.)@: may not be enough. For these cases, @t{mu4e} offers @emph{custom headers} in both the headers-view and the message-view. See @ref{HV Custom headers} for an example of this; the difference for the message-view is that you should add your custom header to @code{mu4e-view-fields} rather than @code{mu4e-headers-fields}. @node MSGV Actions @section Actions You can perform custom functions (``actions'') on messages and their attachments. For a general discussion on how to define your own, see @ref{Actions}. @subsection Message actions @code{mu4e-view-action} (@key{a}) lets you pick some custom action to perform on the current message. You can specify these actions using the variable @code{mu4e-view-actions}; @t{mu4e} defines a number of example actions. @subsection MIME-part actions MIME-part actions allow you to act upon MIME-parts in a message - such as attachments. For now, these actions are defined and documented in @code{mu4e-view-mime-part-actions} and see @node MSGV Detaching and reattaching @section Detaching and reattaching messages You can have multiple message views, but you must rename the view buffer and detach it to stop @t{mu4e} from reusing it when you navigate up or down in the headers buffer. If you have several view buffers attached to a headers view, then @t{mu4e} may pick one at random when it has to choose which one to display a message in. To detach the message view from its linked headers buffer, type @key{z}. A message will appear saying it is detached (or warn you if it is already detached.) Detached buffers are static; they cannot change the displayed message, and no headers buffer will use a detached buffer to display its messages. You can reattach a buffer to an live headers buffer by typing @key{Z}. You can freely rename a message view buffer -- such as with @key{C-x x r} -- if you want a custom, non-randomized name. Detached messages are often useful for workflows involving lots of simultaneous messages. You can @emph{tear off} the window a message is in and place it in a new frame by typing @key{C-x w ^ f}. You can also detach a window and put it in its own tab with @key{C-x w ^ t}. @node Composer @chapter Composer Writing e-mail messages takes place in the Composer. @t{mu4e}'s re-uses much of Gnus' @t{message-mode}. Much of the @t{message-mode} functionality is available, as well some @t{mu4e}-specifics. See @ref{(message) Top} for details; not every setting is necessarily also supported in @t{mu4e}. The major mode for the composer is @code{mu4e-compose-mode}. @menu * Composer overview: Composer overview. What is the composer good for * Entering the composer:: How to start writing messages * Keybindings: Composer Keybindings. Doing things with your keyboard * Address autocompletion:: Quickly entering known addresses * Compose hooks::Calling functions when composing * Signing and encrypting:: Support for cryptography * Queuing mail:: Sending mail when the time is ripe * Message signatures:: Adding your personal footer to messages * Other settings::Miscellaneous @end menu @node Composer overview @section Overview @cartouche @verbatim From: Rupert the Monkey To: Wally the Walrus Subject: Re: Eau-qui d'eau qui? --text follows this line-- On Mon 16 Jan 2012 10:18:47 AM EET, Wally the Walrus wrote: > Hi Rupert, > > Dude - how are things? > > Later -- Wally. @end verbatim @end cartouche @node Entering the composer @section Entering the composer There are a view different ways to @emph{enter} the composer; i.e., from other @t{mu4e} views or even completely outside. If you want the composer to start in a new frame or window, you can configure the variable @t{mu4e-compose-switch}; see its docstring for details. @subsection New message You can start composing a completely new message with @t{mu4e-compose-new} (with @kbd{N} from within @t{mu4e}. @subsection Reply You can compose a reply to an existing message with @t{mu4e-compose-reply} (with @kbd{R} from within the headers view or when looking at some specific message. When you want to reply to @emph{all} recipients of a message, you can use @t{mu4e-compose-wide-reply}, bound to @kbd{W}. This is often called ``reply-to-all'', while Gnus uses the term ``wide reply''. By default, the reply will cite the message being replied to. If you do not want that, you can set (or @t{let}-bind) @t{message-cite-function} to @t{mu4e-message-cite-nothing}. See @ref{(message) Reply} and @ref{(message) Wide Reply} for further information. Note: in older versions, @t{mu4e-compose-reply} would @emph{ask} whether you want to reply-to-all or not; if you are nostalgic for that old behavior, you could add something like the following to your configuration: @lisp (defun compose-reply-wide-or-not-please-ask () "Ask whether to reply-to-all or not." (interactive) (mu4e-compose-reply (yes-or-no-p "Reply to all?"))) (define-key mu4e-compose-minor-mode-map (kbd "R") #'compose-reply-wide-or-not-please-ask) @end lisp @subsection Forward You can forward some existing message with @t{mu4e-compose-forward} (with @kbd{F} from within the headers view or when looking at some specific message. For more information, see @ref{(message) Forwarding}. To influence the way a message is forwarded, you can use the variables @code{message-forward-as-mime} and @code{message-forward-show-mml}. @subsection Supersede Occasionally, it can be useful to ``supersede'' a message you sent; this drops you into a new message that is just like the old message (and a @t{Supersedes:} message header). You can then edit this message and send it. This is only possible for messages @emph{you} sent, as determined by @code{mu4e-personal-or-alternative-address-p}. This wraps @code{message-supersede}. @subsection Resend You can re-send some existing message with @t{mu4e-compose-resend} from within the headers view or when looking at some specific message. This re-sends the message without letting you edit it, as per @ref{(message) Resending}. @node Composer Keybindings @section Keybindings @t{mu4e}'s composer derives from Gnus' message editor and shares most of its keybindings. Here are some of the more useful ones (you can use the menu to find more): @verbatim key description --- ----------- C-c C-c send message C-c C-d save to drafts and leave C-c C-k kill the message buffer (the message remains in the draft folder) C-c C-a attach a file (pro-tip: drag & drop works as well in graphical context) C-c C-; switch the context (mu4e-specific) C-S-u update mail & re-index @end verbatim @node Address autocompletion @section Address autocompletion @t{mu4e} supports autocompleting addresses when composing e-mail messages. @t{mu4e} uses the e-mail addresses from the messages you sent or received as the source for this. Address auto-completion is enabled by default; if you want to disable it for some reason, set @t{mu4e-compose-complete-addresses} to @t{nil}. This uses the Emacs machinery for showing and cycling through the candidate addresses; it is active when looking at one of the contact fields in the message header area. It is also possible to use @t{mu4e}'s completion elsewhere in @t{emacs}. To enable that, a function @t{mu4e-complete-contact} exists, which you can add to @t{completion-at-point-functions}, see @ref{(elisp) Completion in Buffers}. @t{mu4e} must be running for any completions to be available. @subsection Limiting the number of addresses If you have a lot of mail, especially from mailing lists and the like, there can be a @emph{lot} of e-mail addresses, many of which may not be very useful when auto-completing. For this reason, @t{mu4e} attempts to limit the number of e-mail addresses in the completion pool by filtering out the ones that are not likely to be relevant. The following variables are available for tuning this: @itemize @item @code{mu4e-compose-complete-only-personal} --- when set to @t{t}, only consider addresses that were seen in @emph{personal} messages --- that is, messages in which one of my e-mail addresses was seen in one of the address fields. This is to exclude mailing list posts. You can define what is considered `my e-mail address' using the @t{--my-address} parameter to @t{mu init}. @item @code{mu4e-compose-complete-only-after} --- only consider e-mail addresses last seen after some date. Parameter is a string, parseable by @code{org-parse-time-string}. This excludes old e-mail addresses. The default is @t{"2010-01-01"}, i.e., only consider e-mail addresses seen since the start of 2010. @item @code{mu4e-compose-complete-max} -- the maximum number of contacts to use. This adds a hard limit to the 2000 (default) contacts; those are sorted by recency / frequency etc. so should include the ones you most likely need. @item @code{mu4e-contact-process-function} --- a function to rewrite or exclude certain addresses. @end itemize @node Compose hooks @section Compose hooks If you want to change some setting, or execute some custom action before message composition starts, you can define a @emph{hook function}. @t{mu4e} offers two hooks: @itemize @item @code{mu4e-compose-pre-hook}: this hook is run @emph{before} composition starts; if you are composing a @emph{reply}, @emph{forward} a message, or @emph{edit} an existing message, the variable @code{mu4e-compose-parent-message} points to the message being replied to, forwarded or edited, and you can use @code{mu4e-message-field} to get the value of various properties (and see @ref{Message functions}). @item @code{mu4e-compose-mode-hook}: this hook is run just before composition starts, when the whole buffer has already been set up. This is a good place for editing-related settings. @code{mu4e-compose-parent-message} (see above) is also at your disposal. @item @code{mu4e-compose-post-hook}: this hook is run when we're done with message compositions. See the docstring for details. @end itemize @noindent As mentioned, @code{mu4e-compose-mode-hook} is especially useful for editing-related settings: Let's look at an example: @lisp (add-hook 'mu4e-compose-mode-hook (defun my-do-compose-stuff () "My settings for message composition." (set-fill-column 72) (flyspell-mode))) @end lisp The hook is also useful for adding headers or changing headers, since the message is fully formed when this hook runs. For example, to add a @t{Bcc:}-header, you could add something like the following, using @code{message-add-header} from @code{message-mode}. @lisp (add-hook 'mu4e-compose-mode-hook (defun my-add-bcc () "Add a Bcc: header." (save-excursion (message-add-header "Bcc: me@@example.com\n")))) @end lisp Or to something context-specific: @lisp (add-hook 'mu4e-compose-mode-hook (lambda() (let* ((ctx (mu4e-context-current)) (name (if ctx (mu4e-context-name ctx)))) (when name (cond ((string= name "account1") (save-excursion (message-add-header "Bcc: account1@@example.com\n"))) ((string= name "account2") (save-excursion (message-add-header "Bcc: account2@@example.com\n")))))))) @end lisp @noindent For a more general discussion about extending @t{mu4e}, see @ref{Extending mu4e}. @node Signing and encrypting @section Signing and encrypting Signing and encrypting of messages is possible using @ref{(emacs-mime) Top, emacs-mime}, most easily accessed through the @t{Attachments}-menu while composing a message, or with @kbd{M-x mml-secure-message-encrypt-pgp}, @kbd{M-x mml-secure-message-sign-pgp}. Important note: the messages are encrypted when they are @emph{sent}: this means that draft messages are @emph{not} encrypted. So if you are using e.g. @t{offlineimap} or @t{mbsync} to synchronize with some remote IMAP-service, make sure the drafts folder is @emph{not} in the set of synchronized folders, for obvious reasons. @node Queuing mail @section Queuing mail If you cannot send mail right now, for example because you are currently offline, you can @emph{queue} the mail, and send it when you have restored your internet connection. You can control this from the @ref{Main view}. To allow for queuing, you need to tell @t{smtpmail} where you want to store the queued messages. For example: @lisp (setq smtpmail-queue-mail t ;; start in queuing mode smtpmail-queue-dir "~/Maildir/queue/cur") @end lisp For convenience, we put the queue directory somewhere in our normal maildir. If you want to use queued mail, you should create this directory before starting @t{mu4e}. The @command{mu mkdir} command may be useful here, so for example: @verbatim $ mu mkdir ~/Maildir/queue $ touch ~/Maildir/queue/.noindex @end verbatim The file created by the @command{touch} command tells @t{mu} to ignore this directory for indexing, which makes sense since it contains @t{smtpmail} meta-data rather than normal messages; see the @t{mu-mkdir} and @t{mu-index} man-pages for details. @emph{Warning}: when you switch on queued-mode, your messages @emph{won't} reach their destination until you switch it off again; so, be careful not to do this accidentally! @node Message signatures @section Message signatures Message signatures are the standard footer blobs in e-mail messages where you can put in information you want to include in every message. The text to include is set with @code{message-signature} (older @t{mu4e} used @code{mu4e-compose-signature}, but that has been obsoleted). @node Other settings @section Other settings @itemize @item If you want use @t{mu4e} as Emacs' default program for sending mail, see @ref{Default email client}. @item Normally, @t{mu4e} @emph{buries} the message buffer after sending; if you want to kill the buffer instead, add something like the following to your configuration: @lisp (setq message-kill-buffer-on-exit t) @end lisp @item If you want to exclude your own e-mail addresses when ``replying to all'', set @code{message-dont-reply-to-names} to @code{mu4e-personal-or-alternative-address-p}. In order for this to work properly you need to pass your address to @command{mu init --my-address=} at database initialization time, and/or use @t{message-alternative-emails}. @end itemize @node Searching @chapter Searching @t{mu4e} is fully search-based: even if you `jump to a folder', you are executing a query for messages that happen to have the property of being in a certain folder (maildir). Normally, queries return up to @code{mu4e-headers-results-limit} (default: 500) results. That is usually more than enough, and makes things significantly faster. Sometimes, however, you may want to show @emph{all} results; you can enable this with @kbd{M-x mu4e-headers-toggle-property}, or by customizing the variable @code{mu4e-headers-full-search}. This applies to all search commands. You can also influence the sort order and whether threads are shown or not; see @ref{Sorting and threading}. @menu * Queries:: Searching for messages. * Bookmarks:: Remembering queries. * Maildir searches:: Queries for maildirs. * Other search functionality:: Some more tricks. @end menu @node Queries @section Queries @t{mu4e} queries are the same as the ones that @t{mu find} understands@footnote{with the caveat that command-line queries are subject to the shell's interpretation before @t{mu} sees them}. You can consult the @code{mu-query} man page for the details. Additionally, @t{mu4e} supports @kbd{TAB}-completion for queries. There there is completion for all search keywords such as @code{and}, @code{from:}, or @code{date:} and also for certain values, i.e., the possible values for @code{flag:}, @code{prio:}, @code{mime:}, and @code{maildir:}. Let's look at some examples here. @itemize @item Get all messages regarding @emph{bananas}: @verbatim bananas @end verbatim @item Get all messages regarding @emph{bananas} from @emph{John} with an attachment: @verbatim from:john and flag:attach and bananas @end verbatim @item Get all messages with subject @emph{wombat} in June 2017 @verbatim subject:wombat and date:20170601..20170630 @end verbatim @item Get all messages with PDF attachments in the @t{/projects} folder @verbatim maildir:/projects and mime:application/pdf @end verbatim @item Get all messages about @emph{Rupert} in the @t{/Sent Items} folder. Note that maildirs with spaces must be quoted. @verbatim "maildir:/Sent Items" and rupert @end verbatim @item Get all important messages which are signed: @verbatim flag:signed and prio:high @end verbatim @item Get all messages from @emph{Jim} without an attachment: @verbatim from:jim and not flag:attach @end verbatim @item Get all messages with Alice in one of the contacts-fields (@t{to}, @t{from}, @t{cc}, @t{bcc}): @verbatim contact:alice @end verbatim @item Get all unread messages where the subject mentions Ångström: (search is case-insensitive and accent-insensitive, so this matches Ångström, angstrom, aNGstrøM, ...) @verbatim subject:Ångström and flag:unread @end verbatim @item Get all unread messages between Mar-2012 and Aug-2013 about some bird: @verbatim date:20120301..20130831 and nightingale and flag:unread @end verbatim @item Get today's messages: @verbatim date:today..now @end verbatim @item Get all messages we got in the last two weeks regarding @emph{emacs}: @verbatim date:2w.. and emacs @end verbatim @item Get messages from the @emph{Mu} mailing list: @verbatim list:mu-discuss.googlegroups.com @end verbatim Note --- in the @ref{Headers view} you may see the `friendly name' for a list; however, when searching you need the real name. You can see the real name for a mailing list from the friendly name's tool-tip. @item Get messages with a subject soccer, Socrates, society, ...; note that the `*'-wildcard can only appear as a term's rightmost character: @verbatim subject:soc* @end verbatim @item Get all messages @emph{not} sent to a mailing-list: @verbatim NOT flag:list @end verbatim @item Get all mails with attachments with filenames starting with @emph{pic}; note that the `*' wildcard can only appear as the term's rightmost character: @verbatim file:pic* @end verbatim @item Get all messages with PDF-attachments: @verbatim mime:application/pdf @end verbatim Get all messages with image attachments, and note that the `*' wildcard can only appear as the term's rightmost character: @verbatim mime:image/* @end verbatim Get all messages with files that end in @t{.ppt}; this uses the regular-expression support, which is powerful but relatively slow: @verbatim file:/\.ppt$/ @end verbatim @end itemize @node Bookmarks @section Bookmarks If you have queries that you use often, you may want to store them as @emph{bookmarks}. Bookmark searches are available in the main view (@pxref{Main view}), header view (@pxref{Headers view}), and message view (@pxref{Message view}), using (by default) the key @key{b} (@kbd{M-x mu4e-search-bookmark}), or @key{B} (@kbd{M-x mu4e-search-bookmark-edit}) which lets you edit the bookmark first. @subsection Setting up bookmarks @t{mu4e} provides a number of default bookmarks. Their definition may be instructive: @lisp (defcustom mu4e-bookmarks '(( :name "Unread messages" :query "flag:unread AND NOT flag:trashed" :key ?u) ( :name "Today's messages" :query "date:today..now" :key ?t) ( :name "Last 7 days" :query "date:7d..now" :hide-unread t :key ?w) ( :name "Messages with images" :query "mime:image/*" :key ?p)) "List of pre-defined queries that are shown on the main screen. Each of the list elements is a plist with at least: :name - the name of the query :query - the query expression :key - the shortcut key. Optionally, you add the following: :hide - if t, bookmark is hidden from the main-view and speedbar. :hide-unread - do not show the counts of unread/total number of matches for the query. This can be useful if a bookmark uses a very slow query. :hide-unread is implied from :hide. " :type '(repeat (plist)) :group 'mu4e) @end lisp You can replace these or add your own items, by putting in your configuration (@file{~/.emacs}) something like: @lisp (add-to-list 'mu4e-bookmarks '( :name "Big messages" :query "size:5M..500M" :key ?b)) @end lisp This prepends your bookmark to the list, and assigns the key @key{b} to it. If you want to @emph{append} your bookmark, you can use @code{t} as the third argument to @code{add-to-list}. In the various @t{mu4e} views, pressing @key{b} lists all the bookmarks defined in the echo area, with the shortcut key highlighted. So, to invoke the bookmark we just defined (to get the list of "Big Messages"), all you need to type is @kbd{bb}. @subsection Lisp expressions or functions as bookmarks Instead of using strings, it is also possible to use Lisp expressions as bookmarks. Either the expression evaluates to a query string or the expression is a function taking no argument that returns a query string. For example, to get all the messages that are at most a week old in your inbox: @lisp (add-to-list 'mu4e-bookmarks '( :name "Inbox messages in the last 7 days" :query (lambda () (concat "maildir:/inbox AND date:" (format-time-string "%Y%m%d" (subtract-time (current-time) (days-to-time 7))))) :key ?w) t) @end lisp Another example where the user is prompted how many days old messages should be shown: @lisp (defun my/mu4e-bookmark-num-days-old-query (days-old) (interactive (list (read-number "Show days old messages: " 7))) (let ((start-date (subtract-time (current-time) (days-to-time days-old)))) (concat "maildir:/inbox AND date:" (format-time-string "%Y%m%d" start-date)))) (add-to-list 'mu4e-bookmarks `(:name "Inbox messages in the last 7 days" :query ,(lambda () (call-interactively 'my/mu4e-bookmark-num-days-old-query)) :key ?o) t) @end lisp It is defining a function to make the code more readable. @subsection Editing bookmarks before searching There is also @kbd{M-x mu4e-search-bookmark-edit} (key @key{B}), which lets you edit the bookmarked query before invoking it. This can be useful if you have many similar queries, but need to change some parameter. For example, you could have a bookmark @samp{"date:today..now AND "}@footnote{Not a valid search query by itself}, which limits any result to today's messages. @node Maildir searches @section Maildir searches Maildir searches are quite similar to bookmark searches (see @ref{Bookmarks}), with the difference being that the target is always a maildir --- maildir queries provide a `traditional' folder-like interface to a search-based e-mail client. By default, maildir searches are available in the @ref{Main view}, @ref{Headers view}, and @ref{Message view}, with the key @key{j} (@code{mu4e-jump-to-maildir}). If a prefix argument is given, the maildir query can be refined before execution. @subsection Setting up maildir shortcuts You can search for maildirs like any other message property (e.g. with a query like @t{maildir:/myfolder}), but since it is so common, @t{mu4e} offers a shortcut for this. For this to work, you need to set the variable @code{mu4e-maildir-shortcuts} to the list of maildirs you want to have quick access to, for example: @lisp (setq mu4e-maildir-shortcuts '( (:maildir "/inbox" :key ?i) (:maildir "/archive" :key ?a) (:maildir "/lists" :key ?l) (:maildir "/work" :key ?w) (:maildir "/sent" :key ?s) (:maildir "/lists/project/project_X" :key ?x :name "Project X"))) @end lisp This sets @key{i} as a shortcut for the @t{/inbox} folder --- effectively a query @t{maildir:/inbox}. There is a special shortcut @key{o} or @key{/} for @emph{other} (so don't use those for your own shortcuts!), which allows you to choose from @emph{all} maildirs that you have. There is support for autocompletion; note that the list of maildirs is determined when @t{mu4e} starts; if there are changes in the maildirs while @t{mu4e} is running, you need to restart @t{mu4e}. Optionally, you can specify a name to be displayed in the main view. Each of the folder names is relative to your top-level maildir directory; so if you keep your mail in @file{~/Maildir}, @file{/inbox} would refer to @file{~/Maildir/inbox}. With these shortcuts, you can jump around your maildirs (folders) very quickly --- for example, getting to the @t{/lists} folder only requires you to type @kbd{jl}, then change to @t{/work} with @kbd{jw}. While in queries you need to quote folder names (maildirs) with spaces in them, you should @emph{not} quote them when used in @code{mu4e-maildir-shortcuts}, since @t{mu4e} does that automatically for you. The very same shortcuts are used by @kbd{M-x mu4e-mark-for-move} (default shortcut @key{m}); so, for example, if you want to move a message to the @t{/archive} folder, you can do so by typing @kbd{ma}. @node Other search functionality @section Other search functionality @subsection Navigating through search queries You can navigate through previous/next queries using @code{mu4e-headers-query-prev} and @code{mu4e-headers-query-next}, which are bound to @key{M-left} and @key{M-right}, similar to what some web browsers do. @t{mu4e} tries to be smart and not record duplicate queries. Also, the number of queries remembered has a fixed limit, so @t{mu4e} won't use too much memory, even if used for a long time. However, if you want to forget previous/next queries, you can use @kbd{M-x mu4e-headers-forget-queries}. @subsection Narrowing search results It can be useful to narrow existing search results, that is, to add some clauses to the current query to match fewer messages. For example, suppose you're looking at some mailing list, perhaps by jumping to a maildir (@kbd{M-x mu4e-headers-jump-to-maildir}, @key{j}) or because you followed some bookmark (@kbd{M-x mu4e-search-bookmark}, @key{b}). Now, you want to narrow things down to only those messages that have attachments. This is when @kbd{M-x mu4e-search-narrow} (@key{/}) comes in handy. It asks for an additional search pattern, which is appended to the current search query, in effect getting you the subset of the currently shown headers that also match this extra search pattern. @key{\} takes you back to the previous query, so, effectively `widens' the search. Technically, narrowing the results of query @t{x} with expression @t{y} implies doing a search @t{(x) AND (y)}. Note that messages that were not in your original search results because of @code{mu4e-search-results-limit} may show up in the narrowed query. @subsection Including related messages @anchor{Including related messages} It can be useful to not only show the messages that directly match a certain query, but also include messages that are related to these messages. That is, messages that belong to the same discussion threads are included in the results, just like e.g. Gmail does it. You can enable this behavior by setting @code{mu4e-search-include-related} to @code{t}, and you can toggle between including/not-including using @key{P} (@code{mu4e-search-toggle-property}). Be careful though when e.g. deleting ranges of messages from a certain folder --- the list may now also include messages from @emph{other} folders. @subsection Skipping duplicates @anchor{Skipping duplicates} Another useful feature is skipping of @emph{duplicate messages}. When you have copies of messages, there's usually little value in including more than one in search results. A common reason for having multiple copies of messages is the combination of Gmail and @t{offlineimap}, since that is the way the labels / virtual folders in Gmail are represented. You can enable skipping duplicates by setting @code{mu4e-search-skip-duplicates} to @code{t}, and you can toggle the value using @key{P} (@code{mu4e-search-toggle-property}). Note, messages are considered duplicates when they have the same @t{Message-Id}. @node Marking @chapter Marking In @t{mu4e}, the common way to do things with messages is a two-step process - first you @emph{mark} them for a certain action, then you @emph{execute} (@key{x}) those marks. This is similar to the way @t{dired} operates. Marking can happen in both the @ref{Headers view} and the @ref{Message view}. @menu * Marking messages::Selecting message do something with them * What to mark for::What can we do with them * Executing the marks::Do it * Trashing messages::Exceptions for mailboxes like Gmail * Leaving the headers buffer::Handling marks automatically when leaving * Built-in marking functions::Helper functions for dealing with them * Custom mark functions::Define your own mark function * Adding a new kind of mark::Adding your own marks @end menu @node Marking messages @section Marking messages There are multiple ways to mark messages: @itemize @item @emph{message at point}: you can put a mark on the message-at-point in either the @ref{Headers view} or @ref{Message view} @item @emph{region}: you can put a mark on all messages in the current region (selection) in the @ref{Headers view} @item @emph{pattern}: you can put a mark on all messages in the @ref{Headers view} matching a certain pattern with @kbd{M-x mu4e-headers-mark-pattern} (@key{%}) @item @emph{thread/subthread}: You can put a mark on all the messages in the thread/subthread at point with @kbd{M-x mu4e-headers-mark-thread} and @kbd{M-x mu4e-headers-mark-subthread}, respectively @end itemize @node What to mark for @section What to mark for @t{mu4e} supports a number of marks: @cartouche @verbatim mark for/as | keybinding | description -------------+-------------+------------------------------ 'something' | *, | mark now, decide later delete | D, | delete flag | + | mark as 'flagged' ('starred') move | m | move to some maildir read | ! | mark as read refile | r | mark for refiling trash | d | move to the trash folder untrash | = | remove 'trash' flag unflag | - | remove 'flagged' mark unmark | u | remove mark at point unmark all | U | remove all marks unread | ? | marks as unread action | a | apply some action @end verbatim @end cartouche After marking a message, the left-most columns in the headers view indicate the kind of mark. This is informative, but if you mark many (say, thousands) messages, this slows things down significantly@footnote{this uses an Emacs feature called @emph{overlays}, which are slow when used a lot in a buffer}. For this reason, you can disable this by setting @code{mu4e-headers-show-target} to @code{nil}. @t{something} is a special kind of mark; you can use it to mark messages for `something', and then decide later what the `something' should be@footnote{This kind of `deferred marking' is similar to the facility in @t{dired}, @t{midnight commander} (@url{https://www.midnight-commander.org/}) and the like, and uses the same key binding (@key{insert}).} Later, you can set the actual mark using @kbd{M-x mu4e-mark-resolve-deferred-marks} (@key{#}). Alternatively, @t{mu4e} will ask you when you try to execute the marks (@key{x}). @node Executing the marks @section Executing the marks After you have marked some messages, you can execute them with @key{x} (@kbd{M-x mu4e-mark-execute-all}). A hook, @code{mu4e-mark-execute-pre-hook}, is available which is run right before execution of each mark. The hook is called with two arguments, the mark and the message itself. @node Trashing messages @section Trashing messages For regular mailboxes, trashing works like other marks: when executed, the message is flagged as trashed. Depending on your mailbox provider, the trash flag is used to automatically move the message to the trash folder (@code{mu4e-trash-folder}) for instance. Some mailboxes behave differently however and they don't interpret the trash flag. In cases like Gmail, the message must be @emph{moved} to the trash folder and the trash flag must not be used. @node Leaving the headers buffer @section Leaving the headers buffer When you quit or update a headers buffer that has marked messages (for example, by doing a new search), @t{mu4e} asks you what to do with them, depending on the value of the variable @code{mu4e-headers-leave-behavior} --- see its documentation. @node Built-in marking functions @section Built-in marking functions Some examples of @t{mu4e}'s built-in marking functions. @itemize @item @emph{Mark the message at point for trashing}: press @key{d} @item @emph{Mark all messages in the buffer as unread}: press @kbd{C-x h o} @item @emph{Delete the messages in the current thread}: press @kbd{T D} @item @emph{Mark messages with a subject matching ``hello'' for flagging}: press @kbd{% s hello RET}. @end itemize @node Custom mark functions @section Custom mark functions Sometimes, the built-in functions to mark messages may not be sufficient for your needs. For this, @t{mu4e} offers an easy way to define your own custom mark functions. You can choose one of the custom marker functions by pressing @key{&} in the @ref{Headers view} and @ref{Message view}. Custom mark functions are to be appended to the list @code{mu4e-headers-custom-markers}. Each of the elements of this list ('markers') is a list with two or three elements: @enumerate @item The name of the marker --- a short string describing this marker. The first character of this string determines its shortcut, so these should be unique. If necessary, simply prefix the name with a unique character. @item a predicate function, taking two arguments @code{msg} and @code{param}. @code{msg} is the message plist (see @ref{Message functions}) and @code{param} is a parameter provided by the third of the marker elements (see the next item). The predicate function should return non-@t{nil} if the message matches. @item (optionally) a function that is evaluated once, and the result is passed as a parameter to the predicate function. This is useful when user-input is needed. @end enumerate Let's look at an example: suppose we want to match all messages that have more than @emph{n} recipients --- we could do this with the following recipe: @lisp (add-to-list 'mu4e-headers-custom-markers '("More than n recipients" (lambda (msg n) (> (+ (length (mu4e-message-field msg :to)) (length (mu4e-message-field msg :cc))) n)) (lambda () (read-number "Match messages with more recipients than: "))) t) @end lisp After evaluating this expression, you can use it by pressing @key{&} in the headers buffer to select a custom marker function, and then @key{M} to choose this particular one (@t{M} because it is the first character of the description). As you can see, it's not very hard to define simple functions to match messages. There are more examples in the defaults for @code{mu4e-headers-custom-markers}; see @file{mu4e-headers.el} and see @ref{Extending mu4e} for general information about writing your own functions. @node Adding a new kind of mark @section Adding a new kind of mark It is possible to configure new marks, by adding elements to the list @code{mu4e-marks}. Such an element must have the following form: @lisp (SYMBOL :char STRING :prompt STRING :ask-target (lambda () TARGET) :dyn-target (lambda (TARGET MSG) DYN-TARGET) :show-target (lambda (DYN-TARGET) STRING) :action (lambda (DOCID MSG DYN-TARGET) nil)) @end lisp The symbol can be any symbol, except for the symbols @code{unmark} and @code{something}, which are reserved. The rest is a plist with the following elements: @itemize @item @code{:char} --- the character to display in the headers view. @item @code{:prompt} --- the prompt to use when asking for marks (used for example when marking a whole thread). @item @code{:ask-target} --- a function run once per bulk-operation, and thus suitable for querying the user about a target for move-like marks. If @t{nil}, the @t{TARGET} passed to @code{:dyn-target} is @t{nil}. @item @code{:dyn-target} --- a function run once per message (The message is passed as @t{MSG} to the function). This function allows to compute a per-message target, for refile-like marks. If @t{nil}, the @t{DYN-TARGET} passed to the @code{:action} is the @t{TARGET} obtained as above. @item @code{:show-target} --- how to display the target in the headers view. If @code{:show-target} is @t{nil} the @t{DYN-TARGET} is shown (and @t{DYN-TARGET} must be a string). @item @code{:action} --- the action to apply on the message when the mark is executed. @end itemize As an example, suppose we would like to add a mark for tagging messages (GMail-style). We can use the following code (after loading @t{mu4e}): @lisp (add-to-list 'mu4e-marks '(tag :char "g" :prompt "gtag" :ask-target (lambda () (read-string "What tag do you want to add? ")) :action (lambda (docid msg target) (mu4e-action-retag-message msg (concat "+" target))))) @end lisp Adding elements to @code{mu4e-marks} (as in the example) allows you to use the mark in bulk operations (for example when tagging a whole thread); if you also want to add a key-binding for the headers view, you can use something like: @lisp (defun my-mu4e-mark-add-tag() "Add a tag to the message at point." (interactive) (mu4e-headers-mark-and-next 'tag)) (define-key mu4e-headers-mode-map (kbd "g") #'my-mu4e-mark-add-tag) @end lisp @node Contexts @chapter Contexts @menu * What are contexts::Defining the concept * Context policies::How to determine the current context * Contexts and special folders::Using context variables to determine them * Contexts example::How to define contexts @end menu It can be useful to switch between different sets of settings in @t{mu4e}; a typical example is the case where you have different e-mail accounts for private and work email, each with their own values for folders, e-mail addresses, mailservers and so on. The @code{mu4e-context} system is a @t{mu4e}-specific mechanism to allow for that; users can define different @i{contexts} corresponding with groups of setting and either manually switch between them, or let @t{mu4e} determine the right context based on some user-provided function. Note that there are a number of existing ways to switch accounts in @t{mu4e}, for example using the method described in the @ref{Tips and Tricks} section of this manual. Those still work --- but the new mechanism has the benefit of being a core part of @code{mu4e}, thus allowing for deeper integration. @node What are contexts @section What are contexts Let's see what's contained in a context. Most of it is optional. A @code{mu4e-context} is Lisp object with the following members: @itemize @item @t{name}: the name of the context, e.g. @t{work} or @t{private} @item @t{vars}: an association-list (alist) of variable settings for this account. @item @t{enter-func}: an (optional) function that takes no parameter and is invoked when entering the context. You can use this for extra setup etc. @item @t{leave-func}: an (optional) function that takes no parameter and is invoked when leaving the context. You can use this for clearing things up. @item @t{match-func}: an (optional) function that takes an @t{MSG} message plist as argument, and returns non-@t{nil} if this context matches the situation. @t{mu4e} uses the first context that matches, in a couple of situations: @itemize @item when starting @t{mu4e} to determine the starting context; in this case, @t{MSG} is nil. You can use e.g. the host you're running or the time of day to determine which context matches. @item before replying to or forwarding a message with the given message plist as parameter, or @t{nil} when composing a brand new message. The function should return @t{t} when this context is the right one for this message, or @t{nil} otherwise. @item when determining the target folders for deleting, refiling etc; see @ref{Contexts and special folders}. @end itemize @end itemize @t{mu4e} uses a variable @code{mu4e-contexts}, which is a list of such objects. @node Context policies @section Context policies When you have defined contexts and you start @t{mu4e} it decides which context to use based on the variable @code{mu4e-context-policy}; similarly, when you compose a new message, the context is determined using @code{mu4e-compose-context-policy}. For both of these, you can choose one of the following policies: @itemize @item a symbol @code{always-ask}: unconditionally ask the user what context to pick. @end itemize The other choices @b{only apply if none of the contexts match} (i.e., none of the contexts' match-functions returns @code{t}). We have the following options: @itemize @item a symbol @code{ask}: ask the user if @t{mu4e} can't figure things out the context by itself (through the match-function). This is a good policy if there are no match functions, or if the match functions don't cover all cases. @item a symbol @code{ask-if-none}: if there's already a context, don't change it; otherwise, ask the user. @item a symbol @code{pick-first}: pick the first (default) context. This is a good choice if you want to specify context for special case, and fall back to the first one if none match. @item @code{nil}: don't change the context; this is useful if you don't change contexts very often, and e.g. manually changes contexts with @kbd{M-x mu4e-context-switch}. @end itemize You can easily switch contexts manually using the @kbd{;} key from the main screen. @node Contexts and special folders @section Contexts and special folders As we discussed in @ref{Folders} and @ref{Dynamic folders}, @t{mu4e} recognizes a number of special folders: @code{mu4e-sent-folder}, @code{mu4e-drafts-folder}, @code{mu4e-trash-folder} and @code{mu4e-refile-folder}. When you have a headers-buffer with messages that belong to different contexts (say, a few different accounts), it is desirable for each of them to use the specific folders for their own context --- so, for instance, if you trash a message, it needs to go to the trash-folder for the account it belongs to, which is not necessarily the current context. To make this easy to do, whenever @t{mu4e} needs to know the value for such a special folder for a given message, it tries to determine the appropriate context using @code{mu4e-context-determine} (and policy @t{nil}; see @ref{Context policies}). If it finds a matching context, it let-binds the @code{vars} for that account, and then determines the value for the folder. It does not, however, call the @code{enter-func} or @code{leave-func}, since we are not really switching contexts. In practice, this means that as long as each of the accounts has a good @t{match-func}, all message operations automatically find the appropriate folders. @node Contexts example @section Example Let's explain how contexts work by looking at an example. We define two contexts, `Private' and `Work' for a fictional user @emph{Alice Derleth}. Note that in this case, we automatically switch to the first context when starting; see the discussion in the previous section. @lisp (setq mu4e-contexts `( ,(make-mu4e-context :name "Private" :enter-func (lambda () (mu4e-message "Entering Private context")) :leave-func (lambda () (mu4e-message "Leaving Private context")) ;; we match based on the contact-fields of the message :match-func (lambda (msg) (when msg (mu4e-message-contact-field-matches msg :to "aliced@@home.example.com"))) :vars '( ( user-mail-address . "aliced@@home.example.com" ) ( user-full-name . "Alice Derleth" ) ( message-user-organization . "Homebase" ) ( message-signature . (concat "Alice Derleth\n" "Lauttasaari, Finland\n")))) ,(make-mu4e-context :name "Work" :enter-func (lambda () (mu4e-message "Switch to the Work context")) ;; no leave-func ;; we match based on the maildir of the message ;; this matches maildir /Arkham and its sub-directories :match-func (lambda (msg) (when msg (string-match-p "^/Arkham" (mu4e-message-field msg :maildir)))) :vars '( ( user-mail-address . "aderleth@@miskatonic.example.com" ) ( user-full-name . "Alice Derleth" ) ( message-user-organization . "Miskatonic University" ) ( message-signature . (concat "Prof. Alice Derleth\n" "Miskatonic University, Dept. of Occult Sciences\n")))) ,(make-mu4e-context :name "Cycling" :enter-func (lambda () (mu4e-message "Switch to the Cycling context")) ;; no leave-func ;; we match based on the maildir of the message; assume all ;; cycling-related messages go into the /cycling maildir :match-func (lambda (msg) (when msg (string= (mu4e-message-field msg :maildir) "/cycling"))) :vars '( ( user-mail-address . "aderleth@@example.com" ) ( user-full-name . "AliceD" ) ( message-signature . nil))))) ;; set `mu4e-context-policy` and `mu4e-compose-policy` to tweak when mu4e should ;; guess or ask the correct context, e.g. ;; start with the first (default) context; ;; default is to ask-if-none (ask when there's no context yet, and none match) ;; (setq mu4e-context-policy 'pick-first) ;; compose with the current context is no context matches; ;; default is to ask ;; (setq mu4e-compose-context-policy nil) @end lisp A couple of notes about this example: @itemize @item You can manually switch the context use @code{M-x mu4e-context-switch}, by default bound to @kbd{;} in headers, view and main mode. The current context appears in the modeline by default; see @ref{Modeline} for details. @item Normally, @code{M-x mu4e-context-switch} does not call the enter or leave functions if the 'new' context is the same as the old one. However, with a prefix-argument (@kbd{C-u}), you can force @t{mu4e} to invoke those function even in that case. @item The function @code{mu4e-context-current} returns the current-context; the current context is also visible in the mode-line when in headers, view or main mode. @item You can set any kind of variable; including settings for mail servers etc. However, settings such as @code{mu4e-mu-home} are not changeable after they have been set without quitting @t{mu4e} first. @item @code{leave-func} (if defined) for the context we are leaving, is invoked before the @code{enter-func} (if defined) of the context we are entering. @item @code{enter-func} (if defined) is invoked before setting the variables. @item @code{match-func} (if defined) is invoked just before @code{mu4e-compose-pre-hook}. @item See the variables @code{mu4e-context-policy} and @code{mu4e-compose-context-policy} to tweak what @t{mu4e} should do when no context matches (or if you always want to be asked). @item Finally, be careful to get the quotations right --- backticks, single quotes and commas and note the '.' between variable name and its value. @end itemize @node Dynamic folders @chapter Dynamic folders In @ref{Folders}, we explained how you can set up @t{mu4e}'s special folders: @lisp (setq mu4e-sent-folder "/sent" ;; sent messages mu4e-drafts-folder "/drafts" ;; unfinished messages mu4e-trash-folder "/trash" ;; trashed messages mu4e-refile-folder "/archive") ;; saved messages @end lisp In some cases, having such static folders may not suffice --- perhaps you want to change the folders depending on the context. For example, the folder for refiling could vary, based on the sender of the message. To make this possible, instead of setting the standard folders to a string, you can set them to be a @emph{function} that takes a message as its parameter, and returns the desired folder name. This chapter shows you how to do that. For a more general discussion of how to extend @t{mu4e} and writing your own functions, see @ref{Extending mu4e}. If you use @t{mu4e-context}, see @ref{Contexts and special folders} for what that means for these special folders. @menu * Smart refiling:: Automatically choose the target folder * Other dynamic folders:: Flexible folders for sent, trash, drafts @end menu @node Smart refiling @section Smart refiling When refiling messages, perhaps to archive them, it can be useful to have different target folders for different messages, based on some property of those message --- smart refiling. To accomplish this, we can set the refiling folder (@code{mu4e-refile-folder}) to a function that returns the actual refiling folder for the particular message. An example should clarify this: @lisp (setq mu4e-refile-folder (lambda (msg) (cond ;; messages to the mu mailing list go to the /mu folder ((mu4e-message-contact-field-matches msg :to "mu-discuss@@googlegroups.com") "/mu") ;; messages sent directly to some specific address me go to /private ((mu4e-message-contact-field-matches msg :to "me@@example.com") "/private") ;; messages with football or soccer in the subject go to /football ((string-match "football\\|soccer" (mu4e-message-field msg :subject)) "/football") ;; messages sent by me go to the sent folder ((mu4e-message-sent-by-me msg (mu4e-personal-addresses)) mu4e-sent-folder) ;; everything else goes to /archive ;; important to have a catch-all at the end! (t "/archive")))) @end lisp @noindent This can be very powerful; you can select some messages in the headers view, then press @key{r}, and have them all marked for refiling to their particular folders. Some notes: @itemize @item We set @code{mu4e-refile-folder} to an anonymous (@t{lambda}) function. This function takes one argument, a message plist@footnote{a property list describing a message}. The plist corresponds to the message at point. See @ref{Message functions} for a discussion on how to deal with them. @item In our function, we use a @t{cond} control structure; the function returns the first of the clauses that matches. It's important to make the last clause a catch-all, so we always return @emph{some} folder. @item We use the convenience function @code{mu4e-message-contact-field-matches}, which evaluates to @code{t} if any of the names or e-mail addresses in a contact field (in this case, the @t{To:}-field) matches the regular expression. With @t{mu4e} version 0.9.16 or newer, the contact field can in fact be a list instead of a single value, such as @code{'(:to :cc)'}. @end itemize @node Other dynamic folders @section Other dynamic folders Using the same mechanism, you can create dynamic sent-, trash-, and drafts-folders. The message-parameter you receive for the sent and drafts folder is the @emph{original} message, that is, the message you reply to, or forward, or edit. If there is no such message (for example when composing a brand new message) the message parameter is @t{nil}. Let's look at an example. Suppose you want a different trash folder for work-email. You can achieve this with something like: @lisp (setq mu4e-trash-folder (lambda (msg) ;; the 'and msg' is to handle the case where msg is nil (if (and msg (mu4e-message-contact-field-matches msg :to "me@@work.example.com")) "/trash-work" "/trash"))) @end lisp @noindent Good to remember: @itemize @item The @code{msg} parameter you receive in the function refers to the @emph{original message}, that is, the message being replied to or forwarded. When re-editing a message, it refers to the message being edited. When you compose a totally new message, the @code{msg} parameter is @code{nil}. @item When re-editing messages, the value of @code{mu4e-drafts-folder} is ignored. @end itemize @node Actions @chapter Actions @t{mu4e} lets you define custom actions for messages in @ref{Headers view} and for both messages and attachments in @ref{Message view}. Custom actions allow you to easily extend @t{mu4e} for specific needs --- for example, marking messages as spam in a spam filter or applying an attachment with a source code patch. You can invoke the actions with key @key{a} for actions on messages, and key @key{A} for actions on attachments. For general information extending @t{mu4e} and writing your own functions, see @ref{Extending mu4e}. @menu * Defining actions::How to create an action * Headers view actions::Doing things with message headers * Message view actions::Doing things with messages * MIME-part actions::Doing things with MIME-parts such as attachments * Example actions::Some more examples @end menu @node Defining actions @section Defining actions Defining a new custom action comes down to writing an elisp-function to do the work. Functions that operate on messages receive a @var{msg} parameter, which corresponds to the message at point. Something like: @lisp (defun my-action-func (msg) "Describe my message function." ;; do stuff ) @end lisp @noindent Functions that operate on attachments receive a @var{msg} parameter, which corresponds to the message at point, and an @var{attachment-num}, which is the number of the attachment as seen in the message view. An attachment function looks like: @lisp (defun my-attachment-action-func (msg attachment-num) "Describe my attachment function." ;; do stuff ) @end lisp @noindent After you have defined your function, you can add it to the list of actions@footnote{Instead of defining the functions separately, you can obviously also add a @code{lambda}-function directly to the list; however, separate functions are easier to change}, either @code{mu4e-headers-actions}, @code{mu4e-view-actions} or @code{mu4e-view-mime-part-actions}. The format@footnote{Note, the format of the actions has changed since version 0.9.8.4, and you must change your configuration to use the new format; @t{mu4e} warns you when you are using the old format.} of each action is a cons-cell, @code{(DESCRIPTION . VALUE)}; see below for some examples. If your shortcut is not also the first character of the description, simply prefix the description with that character. Let's look at some examples. @node Headers view actions @section Headers view actions Suppose we want to inspect the number of recipients for a message in the @ref{Headers view}. We add the following to our configuration: @lisp (defun show-number-of-recipients (msg) "Display the number of recipients for the message at point." (message "Number of recipients: %d" (+ (length (mu4e-message-field msg :to)) (length (mu4e-message-field msg :cc))))) ;; define 'N' (the first letter of the description) as the shortcut ;; the 't' argument to add-to-list puts it at the end of the list (add-to-list 'mu4e-headers-actions '("Number of recipients" . show-number-of-recipients) t) @end lisp After evaluating this, @kbd{a N} in the headers view shows the number of recipients for the message at point. @node Message view actions @section Message view actions As another example, suppose we would like to search for messages by the sender of the message at point: @lisp (defun search-for-sender (msg) "Search for messages sent by the sender of the message at point." (mu4e-search (concat "from:" (mu4e-contact-email (car (mu4e-message-field msg :from)))))) ;; define 'x' as the shortcut (add-to-list 'mu4e-view-actions '("xsearch for sender" . search-for-sender) t) @end lisp @indent If you wonder why we use @code{car}, remember that the @t{From:}-field is a list of @code{(:name NAME :email EMAIL)} plists; so this code gets us the e-mail address of the first in the list. @t{From:}-fields rarely have more that one address. @node MIME-part actions @section MIME-part actions Finally, let's define a MIME-part action. The following example action counts the number of lines in an attachment, and defines @key{n} as its shortcut key (the @key{n} is prefixed to the description). See the the @code{mu4e-view-mime-part-actions} for the details of the format. @lisp (add-to-list 'mu4e-view-mime-part-actions ;; count the number of lines in a MIME-part '(:name "line-count" :handler "wc -l" :receives pipe)) @end lisp Or another one, to import a calendar invitation into the venerable emacs diary: @lisp (add-to-list 'mu4e-view-mime-part-actions ;; import into calendar; '(:name "dimport-in-diary" :handler (lambda(file) (icalendar-import-file file diary-file)) :receives temp)) @end lisp @node Example actions @section Example actions @t{mu4e} includes a number of example actions in the file @file{mu4e-actions.el} in the source distribution (see @kbd{C-h f mu4e-action-TAB}). For example, for viewing messages in an external web browser. @node Extending mu4e @chapter Extending mu4e @t{mu4e} is designed to be easily extensible --- that is, write your own emacs-lisp to make @t{mu4e} behave exactly as you want. Here, we provide some guidelines for doing so. @menu * Extension points::Where to hook into @t{mu4e} * Available functions::General helper functions * Message functions::Working with messages * Contact functions::Working with contacts * Utility functions::Miscellaneous helpers @end menu @node Extension points @section Extension points There are a number of places where @t{mu4e} lets you plug in your own functions: @itemize @item Custom functions for message header --- see @ref{HV Custom headers} @item Using message-specific folders for drafts, trash, sent messages and refiling, based on a function --- see @ref{Dynamic folders} @item Using an attachment-specific download-directory --- see the variable @code{mu4e-attachment-dir}. @item Apply a function to a message in the headers view - see @ref{Headers view actions} @item Apply a function to a message in the message view --- see @ref{Message view actions} @item Add a new kind of mark for use in the headers view - see @ref{Adding a new kind of mark} @item Apply a function to a MIME-part --- see @ref{MIME-part actions} @item Custom function to mark certain messages --- see @ref{Custom mark functions} @item Using various @emph{mode}-hooks, @code{mu4e-compose-pre-hook} (see @ref{Compose hooks}), @code{mu4e-index-updated-hook} (see @ref{FAQ}) @end itemize @noindent You can also write your own functions without using the above. If you want to do so, key useful functions are @code{mu4e-message-at-point} (see below), @code{mu4e-headers-for-each} (to iterate over all headers, see its docstring) and @code{mu4e-view-for-each-part} (to iterate over all parts/attachments, see its docstring). There is also @code{mu4e-view-for-each-uri} to iterate of all the URIs in the current message. Another useful function is @code{mu4e-headers-find-if} which searches for a message matching a certain pattern; again, see its docstring. @node Available functions @section Available functions The whole of @t{mu4e} consists of hundreds of elisp functions. However, the majority of those are for @emph{internal} use only; you can recognize them easily, because they all start with @code{mu4e~} or @code{mu4e--}. These functions make all kinds of assumptions, and they are subject to change, and should therefore @emph{not} be used. The same is true for @emph{variables} with the same prefix; don't touch them. Let me repeat that: @verbatim Do not use mu4e~... or mu4e-- functions or variables! @end verbatim @noindent In addition, you should use functions in the right context; functions that start with @t{mu4e-view-} are only applicable to the message view, while functions starting with @t{mu4e-headers-} are only applicable to the headers view. Functions without such prefixes are applicable everywhere. @node Message functions @section Message functions Many functions in @t{mu4e} deal with message plists (property lists). They contain information about messages, such as sender and recipient, subject, date and so on. To deal with these plists, there are a number of @code{mu4e-message-} functions (in @file{mu4e-message.el}), such as @code{mu4e-message-field} and @code{mu4e-message-at-point}, and a shortcut to combine the two, @code{mu4e-message-field-at-point}. For example, to get the subject of the message at point, in either the headers view or the message view, you could write: @lisp (mu4e-message-field (mu4e-message-at-point) :subject) @end lisp @noindent Note that: @itemize @item The contact fields (To, From, Cc, Bcc) are lists of cons-pairs @code{(name . email)}; @code{name} may be @code{nil}. So, for example: @lisp (mu4e-message-field some-msg :to) ;; => (("Jack" . "jack@@example.com") (nil . "foo@@example.com")) @end lisp If you are only looking for a match in this list (e.g., ``Is Jack one of the recipients of the message?''), there is a convenience function @code{mu4e-message-contact-field-matches} to make this easy. @item The message body is only available in the message view, not in the headers view. @end itemize Note that in headers-mode, you only have access to a reduced message plist, without the information about the message-body or mime-parts; @t{mu4e} does this for performance reasons. And even in view-mode, you do not have access to arbitrary message-headers. However, it is possible to get the information indirectly, using the raw-message and some third-party tool like @t{procmail}'s @t{formail}: @lisp (defun my-mu4e-any-message-field-at-point (hdr) "Quick & dirty way to get an arbitrary header HDR at point. Requires the 'formail' tool from procmail." (replace-regexp-in-string "\n$" "" (shell-command-to-string (concat "formail -x " hdr " -c < " (shell-quote-argument (mu4e-message-field-at-point :path)))))) @end lisp @node Contact functions @section Contact functions It can sometimes be useful to discard or rewrite the contact information that @t{mu4e} provides, for example to fix spelling errors, or omit unwanted contacts. To handle this, @t{mu4e} provides @code{mu4e-contact-process-function}, which, if defined, is applied to each contact. If the result is @t{nil}, the contact is discarded, otherwise the (modified or not) contact information is used. Each contact is a full e-mail address as you would see in a contact-field of an e-mail message, e.g., @verbatim "Foo Bar" @end verbatim or @verbatim cuux@example.com @end verbatim An example @code{mu4e-contact-process-function} might look like: @lisp (defun my-contact-processor (contact) (cond ;; remove unwanted ((string-match-p "evilspammer@@example.com" contact) nil) ((string-match-p "noreply" contact) nil) ;; ;; jonh smiht --> John Smith ((string-match "jonh smiht" contact) (replace-regexp-in-string "jonh smiht" "John Smith" contact)) (t contact))) (setq mu4e-contact-process-function 'my-contact-processor) @end lisp @node Utility functions @section Utility functions @file{mu4e-utils} contains a number of utility functions; we list a few here. See their docstrings for details: @itemize @item @code{mu4e-read-option}: read one option from a list. For example: @lisp (mu4e-read-option "Choose an animal: " '(("Monkey" . monkey) ("Gnu" . gnu) ("xMoose" . moose))) @end lisp The user is presented with: @example Choose an animal: [M]onkey, [G]nu, [x]Moose @end example @item @code{mu4e-ask-maildir}: ask for a maildir; try one of the shortcuts (@code{mu4e-maildir-shortcuts}), or the full set of available maildirs. @item @code{mu4e-running-p}: return @code{t} if the @t{mu4e} process is running, @code{nil} otherwise. @item @code{(mu4e-user-mail-address-p addr)}: return @code{t} if @var{addr} is one of the user's e-mail addresses (as per @code{(mu4e-personal-addresses)}). @item @code{mu4e-log} logs to the @t{mu4e} debugging log if it is enabled; see @code{mu4e-toggle-logging}. @item @code{mu4e-message}, @code{mu4e-warning}, @code{mu4e-error} are the @t{mu4e} equivalents of the normal elisp @code{message}, @code{user-error} and @code{error} functions. @end itemize @node Integration @chapter Integrating @t{mu4e} with Emacs facilities In this chapter, we discuss how you can integrate @t{mu4e} with Emacs in various ways. Here we focus on Emacs built-ins; for dealing with external tools, @xref{Other tools}. @menu * Default email client::Making mu4e the default emacs e-mail program * Modeline::Showing mu4e's status in the modeline * Desktop notifications::Get desktop notifications for new mail * Emacs bookmarks::Using Emacs' bookmark system * Eldoc::Information about the current header in the echo area * Org-mode links::Adding mu4e to your organized life * iCalendar::Enabling iCalendar invite processing * Speedbar::A special frame with your folders * Dired:: Attaching files using @t{dired} @end menu @node Default email client @section Default email client Emacs allows you to select an e-mail program as the default program it uses when you press @key{C-x m} (@code{compose-mail}), call @code{report-emacs-bug} and so on; see @ref{(emacs) Mail Methods}. If you want to use @t{mu4e} for this, you can do so by adding the following to your configuration: @lisp (setq mail-user-agent 'mu4e-user-agent) @end lisp Similarly, to specify @t{mu4e} as your preferred method for reading mail, customize the variable @code{read-mail-command}. @lisp (set-variable 'read-mail-command 'mu4e) @end lisp @node Modeline @section Modeline @cindex modeline One of the most visible ways in which @t{mu4e} integrates with Emacs is through the @emph{modeline} @xref{Mode Line,,,emacs}. The @t{mu4e} support for that is handled through a minor-mode @code{mu4e-modeline-mode}, which is enabled by default when @t{mu4e} is running. To completely turn off the modeline support, set @code{mu4e-modeline-support} to @t{nil} before starting @t{mu4e}. @t{mu4e} shares information on the modeline in two ways: @itemize @item buffer-specific @itemize @item current context (as per @ref{Contexts}) @item current query parameters (headers-mode only) @end itemize @item global: information about the results for the ``favorite query'' @end itemize The global indicators can be disabled by setting @code{mu4e-modeline-show-global} to @t{nil}. All of the bookmark items provide more details in their @code{help-echo}, i.e., their tooltip. @subsection Query parameters bookmark item The query parameters in the modeline start with the various query flags (such as some representation of @code{mu4e-search-threads}, @code{mu4e-search-full}; the @t{help-echo} (tool-tip) has the details. The query parameters are followed by the query-string use for the headers-view. By default, if the query string matches some bookmark, the name of that bookmark is shown instead of the query it specifies. This can be changed by setting @code{mu4e-modeline-prefer-bookmark-name} to @t{nil}. @cindex favorite bookmark @subsection Favorite bookmark modeline item The global modeline contains the results of some specific ``favorite'' bookmark query from @code{mu4e-bookmarks}. By default, the @emph{first} one in chosen, but you may want to change that by using the @code{:favorite} property for a particular query, e.g., as part of your @var{mu4e-bookmarks}: @example ;; Monitor the inbox folder in the modeline (:query "maildir:/inbox" :name "Inbox" :key ?i :favorite t) @end example The results of this query (the last time it was updated) is shown as some character or emoji (depending on @var{mu4e-use-fancy-chars}) and 2 or 3 numbers, just like what we saw in @xref{Bookmarks and Maildirs}, e.g., @example N:10(+5)/15 @end example @cindex baseline query results this means there are @emph{10 unread messages}, with @emph{5 new messages since the baseline}, and @emph{15 messages in total} matching the query. You can customize the icon; see @var{mu4e-modeline-all-clear}, @var{mu4e-modeline-all-read}, @var{mu4e-modeline-unread-items} and @var{mu4e-modeline-new-items}. Due to the way queries work, the modeline is @emph{not} immediately updated when you read messages; but going back to the main view (with @kbd{M-x mu4e} resets the counts to latest known ones. When in the main-view, you can use @code{revert-buffer} (@kbd{g}) to reset the counters explicitly. @node Desktop notifications @section Desktop notifications @cindex desktop notifications Depending on your desktop environment, it is possible to get notification when there is new mail. The default implementation (which you can override) depends on the same system used for the @xref{Bookmarks and Maildirs}, in the main view and the @xref{Modeline}, and thus gives updates when there new messages compared to some ``baseline'', as discussed earlier. For now, notifications are implemented for desktop environments that support DBus-based notifications, as per Emacs' notification sub-system @xref{(elisp) Desktop Notifications}. You can enable mu4e's desktop notifications (provided that you are on a supported system) by setting @code{mu4e-notification-support} to @t{t}. If you want tweak the details, have a look at @code{mu4e-notification-filter} and @code{mu4e-notification-function}. @node Emacs bookmarks @section Emacs bookmarks @cindex Emacs bookmarks Note, Emacs bookmarks are not to be confused with mu4e's bookmarks; the former are a generic linking system across Emacs, while the latter are stored queries within @t{mu4e}. @t{mu4e} supports linking to the message-at-point through the normal Emacs built-in bookmark system. The links are based on the message's message-id, and thus the bookmarks stay valid even if you move the message around. @node Eldoc @section Eldoc @cindex eldoc It is possible to get information about the current header in the echo-area. You can enable this by setting @t{mu4e-eldoc-support} to non-@t{nil}. @node Org-mode links @section Org-mode links It can be useful to include links to e-mail messages or search queries in your org-mode files. @t{mu4e} supports this by default, unless you set @t{mu4e-support-org} to @code{nil}. You can use the normal @t{org-mode} mechanisms to store links: @kbd{M-x org-store-link} stores a link to a particular message when you are in @ref{Message view}. When you are in @ref{Headers view}, @kbd{M-x org-store-link} links to the @emph{query} if @code{mu4e-org-link-query-in-headers-mode} is non-@code{nil}, and to the particular message otherwise (which is the default). You can customize the link description using @code{mu4e-org-link-desc-func}. You can insert this link later with @kbd{M-x org-insert-link}. From @t{org-mode}, you can go to the query or message the link points to with either @kbd{M-x org-agenda-open-link} in agenda buffers, or @kbd{M-x org-open-at-point} elsewhere --- both typically bound to @kbd{C-c C-o}. You can also directly @emph{capture} such links --- for example, to add e-mail messages to your todo-list. For that, @t{mu4e-org} has a function @code{mu4e-org-store-and-capture}. This captures the message-at-point (or header --- see the discussion on @code{mu4e-org-link-query-in-headers-mode} above), then calls @t{org-mode}'s capture functionality. You can add some specific capture-template for this. In your capture templates, the following mu4e-specific values are available: @cartouche @verbatim item | description -----------------------------------------------------+------------------------ %:date, %:date-timestamp, %:date-timestamp-inactive | date, org timestamps %:from, %:fromname, %:fromaddress | sender, name/address %:to, %:toname, %:toaddress | recipient, name/address %:maildir | maildir for the message %:message-id | message-id %:path | file system path %:subject | message subject @end verbatim @end cartouche For example, to add a message to your todo-list, and set a deadline for processing it within two days, you could add this to @code{org-capture-templates}: @lisp ("P" "process-soon" entry (file+headline "todo.org" "Todo") "* TODO %:fromname: %a %?\nDEADLINE: %(org-insert-time-stamp (org-read-date nil t \"+2d\"))") @end lisp If you use the functionality a lot, you may want to define key-bindings for that in headers and view mode: @lisp (define-key mu4e-headers-mode-map (kbd "C-c c") 'mu4e-org-store-and-capture) (define-key mu4e-view-mode-map (kbd "C-c c") 'mu4e-org-store-and-capture) @end lisp @node iCalendar @section iCalendar When Gnus' article-mode is chosen (@ref{Message view}), it is possible to view and reply to iCalendar events. To enable this feature, add @lisp (require 'mu4e-icalendar) (mu4e-icalendar-setup) @end lisp to your configuration. If you want that the original invitation message be automatically trashed after sending the message created by clicking on the buttons “Accept”, “Tentative”, or “Decline”, also add: @lisp (setq mu4e-icalendar-trash-after-reply t) @end lisp When you reply to an iCal event, a line may be automatically added to the diary file of your choice. You can specify that file with @lisp (setq mu4e-icalendar-diary-file "/path/to/your/diary") @end lisp Note that, if the specified file is not your main diary file, add @t{#include "/path/to/your/diary"} to you main diary file to display the events. To enable optional iCalendar→Org sync functionality, add the following: @lisp (setq gnus-icalendar-org-capture-file "~/org/notes.org") (setq gnus-icalendar-org-capture-headline '("Calendar")) (gnus-icalendar-org-setup) @end lisp Both the capture file and the headline(s) inside it must already exist. By default, @code{gnus-icalendar-org-setup} adds a temporary capture template to the variable @code{org-capture-templates}, with the description ``used by gnus-icalendar-org'', and the shortcut key ``#''. If you want to use your own template, create it using the same key and description. This will prevent the temporary one from being installed next time you @code{gnus-icalendar-org-setup} is called. The full default capture template is: @lisp ("#" "used by gnus-icalendar-org" entry (file+olp ,gnus-icalendar-org-capture-file ,gnus-icalendar-org-capture-headline) "%i" :immediate-finish t) @end lisp where the values of the variables @code{gnus-icalendar-org-capture-file} and @code{gnus-icalendar-org-capture-headline} are inserted via macro expansion. If, for example, you wanted to store ical events in a date tree, prompting for the date, you could use the following: @lisp ("#" "used by gnus-icalendar-org" entry (file+olp+datetree path-to-capture-file) "%i" :immediate-finish t :time-prompt t) @end lisp Note that the default behaviour for @code{datetree} targets in this situation is to store the event at the date that you capture it, not at the date that it is scheduled. That's why I've suggested using the @code{:timeprompt t} argument. This gives you an opportunity to set the time to the correct value yourself. You can extract the event time directly, and have the @code{org-capture} functions use that to set the @code{datetree} location: @lisp (defun my-catch-event-time (orig-fun &rest args) "Set org-overriding-default-time to the start time of the capture event" (let ((org-overriding-default-time (date-to-time (gnus-icalendar-event:start (car args))))) (apply orig-fun args))) (advice-add 'gnus-icalendar:org-event-save :around #'my-catch-event-time) @end lisp If you do this, you'll want to omit the @code{:timeprompt t} setting from your capture template. @node Speedbar @section Speedbar @cindex speedbar @code{speedbar} is an Emacs-extension that shows navigational information for an Emacs buffer in a separate frame. Using @code{mu4e-speedbar}, @t{mu4e} lists your bookmarks and maildir folders and allows for one-click access to them. To enable this, add @t{(require 'mu4e-speedbar)} to your configuration; then, all you need to do to activate it is @kbd{M-x speedbar}. Then, when then switching to the @ref{Main view}, the speedbar-frame is updated with your bookmarks and maildirs. For speed reasons, the list of maildirs is determined when @t{mu4e} starts; if the list of maildirs changes while @t{mu4e} is running, you need to restart @t{mu4e} to have those changes reflected in the speedbar and in other places that use this list, such as auto-completion when jumping to a maildir. @node Dired @section Dired @cindex dired It is possible to attach files to @t{mu4e} messages using @t{dired} (@ref{Dired,,emacs}), using the following steps (based on a post on the @t{mu-discuss} mailing list by @emph{Stephen Eglen}). @lisp (add-hook 'dired-mode-hook 'turn-on-gnus-dired-mode) @end lisp Then, mark the file(s) in @t{dired} you would like to attach and press @t{C-c RET C-a}, and you'll be asked whether to attach them to an existing message, or create a new one. @node Other tools @appendix Other tools In this chapter, we discuss some ways in which @t{mu4e} can cooperate with other tools. @menu * Org-contacts::Hooking up with org-contacts * BBDB::Hooking up with the Insidious Big Brother Database * Sauron::Getting new mail notifications with Sauron * Hydra:: Custom shortcut menus @end menu @node Org-contacts @section Org-contacts Note, @t{mu4e} supports built-in address autocompletion; @ref{Address autocompletion}, and that is the recommended way to do this. However, it is also possible to manage your addresses with @t{org-mode}, using @uref{https://julien.danjou.info/projects/emacs-packages#org-contacts,org-contacts}. @t{mu4e-actions} defines a useful action (@ref{Actions}) for adding a contact based on the @t{From:}-address in the message at point. To enable this, add to your configuration something like: @lisp (setq mu4e-org-contacts-file ) (add-to-list 'mu4e-headers-actions '("org-contact-add" . mu4e-action-add-org-contact) t) (add-to-list 'mu4e-view-actions '("org-contact-add" . mu4e-action-add-org-contact) t) @end lisp @noindent After this, you should be able to add contacts using @key{a o} in the headers view and the message view, using the @t{org-capture} mechanism. Note, the shortcut character @key{o} is due to the first character of @t{org-contact-add}. @node BBDB @section BBDB Note, @t{mu4e} supports built-in address autocompletion; @ref{Address autocompletion}, and that is the recommended way to do this. However, it is also possible to manage your addresses with @uref{https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/bbdb/,BBDB}. To enable BBDB, add to your @file{~/.emacs} (or its moral equivalent, such as @file{~/.emacs.d/init.el}) the following @emph{after} the @code{(require 'mu4e)} line: @lisp ;; Load BBDB (Method 1) (require 'bbdb-loaddefs) ;; OR (Method 2) ;; (require 'bbdb-loaddefs "/path/to/bbdb/lisp/bbdb-loaddefs.el") ;; OR (Method 3) ;; (autoload 'bbdb-insinuate-mu4e "bbdb-mu4e") ;; (bbdb-initialize 'message 'mu4e) (setq bbdb-mail-user-agent 'mu4e-user-agent) (setq mu4e-view-rendered-hook 'bbdb-mua-auto-update) (setq mu4e-compose-complete-addresses nil) (setq bbdb-mua-pop-up t) (setq bbdb-mua-pop-up-window-size 5) (setq mu4e-view-show-addresses t) @end lisp For recent emacs (29 and later), address-completion may need some extra setup: @lisp (add-hook 'message-mode-hook (lambda () (add-to-list 'completion-at-point-functions #'eudc-capf-complete))) @end lisp or, if that does not work: @lisp (add-hook 'message-mode-hook (lambda () (add-to-list 'completion-at-point-functions #'message-expand-name))) @end lisp @noindent After this, you should be able to: @itemize @item In mu4e-view mode, add the sender of the email to BBDB with @key{C-u :} @item Tab-complete addresses from BBDB when composing emails @item View the BBDB contact while viewing a message @end itemize @node Sauron @section Sauron The Emacs package @uref{https://github.com/djcb/sauron,sauron} (by the same author) can be used to get notifications about new mails. If you run something like the below script from your @t{crontab} (or have some other way of having it execute every @emph{n} minutes), you receive notifications in the @t{sauron}-buffer when new messages arrive. @verbatim #!/bin/sh # the mu binary MU=mu # put the path to your Inbox folder here CHECKDIR="/home/$LOGNAME/Maildir/Inbox" sauron_msg () { DBUS_COOKIE="/home/$LOGNAME/.sauron-dbus" if test "x$DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS" = "x"; then if test -e $DBUS_COOKIE; then export DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS="`cat $DBUS_COOKIE`" fi fi if test -n "x$DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS"; then dbus-send --session \ --dest="org.gnu.Emacs" \ --type=method_call \ "/org/gnu/Emacs/Sauron" \ "org.gnu.Emacs.Sauron.AddMsgEvent" \ string:shell uint32:3 string:"$1" fi } # # -mmin -5: consider only messages that were created / changed in the # the last 5 minutes # for f in `find $CHECKDIR -mmin -5 -a -type f -not -iname '.uidvalidity'`; do subject=`$MU view $f | grep '^Subject:' | sed 's/^Subject://'` sauron_msg "mail: $subject" done @end verbatim @noindent You might want to put: @lisp (setq sauron-dbus-cookie t) @end lisp @noindent in your setup, to allow the script to find the D-Bus session bus, even when running outside its session. @node Hydra @section Hydra People sometimes ask about having multi-character shortcuts for bookmarks; an easy way to achieve this, is by using an emacs package @uref{https://github.com/abo-abo/hydra,Hydra}. With Hydra installed, we can add multi-character shortcuts, for instance: @lisp (defhydra my-mu4e-bookmarks-work (:color blue) "work bookmarks" ("b" (mu4e-search "banana AND maildir:/work") "banana") ("u" (mu4e-search "flag:unread AND maildir:/work") "unread")) (defhydra my-mu4e-bookmarks-personal (:color blue) "personal bookmarks" ("c" (mu4e-search "capybara AND maildir:/personal") "capybara") ("u" (mu4e-search "flag:unread AND maildir:/personal") "unread")) (defhydra my-mu4e-bookmarks (:color blue) "mu4e bookmarks" ("p" (my-mu4e-bookmarks-personal/body) "Personal") ("w" (my-mu4e-bookmarks-work/body) "Work")) Now, you can bind a convenient key to my-mu4e-bookmarks/body. @end lisp @node Example configurations @appendix Example configurations In this chapter, we show some example configurations. While it is very useful to see some working settings, we'd like to warn against blindly copying such things. @menu * Minimal configuration::Simplest configuration to get you going * Longer configuration::A more extensive setup * Gmail configuration::GMail-specific setup * Other settings:CONF Other settings. Some other useful configuration @end menu @node Minimal configuration @section Minimal configuration An (almost) minimal configuration for @t{mu4e} might look like this --- as you see, most of it is commented-out. @lisp ;; example configuration for mu4e ;; make sure mu4e is in your load-path (require 'mu4e) ;; use mu4e for e-mail in emacs (setq mail-user-agent 'mu4e-user-agent) ;; these must start with a "/", and must exist ;; (i.e.. /home/user/Maildir/sent must exist) ;; you use e.g. 'mu mkdir' to make the Maildirs if they don't ;; already exist ;; below are the defaults; if they do not exist yet, mu4e offers to ;; create them. they can also functions; see their docstrings. ;; (setq mu4e-sent-folder "/sent") ;; (setq mu4e-drafts-folder "/drafts") ;; (setq mu4e-trash-folder "/trash") ;; smtp mail setting; these are the same that `gnus' uses. (setq message-send-mail-function 'smtpmail-send-it smtpmail-default-smtp-server "smtp.example.com" smtpmail-smtp-server "smtp.example.com" smtpmail-local-domain "example.com") @end lisp @node Longer configuration @section Longer configuration A somewhat longer configuration, showing some more things that you can customize. @lisp ;; example configuration for mu4e (require 'mu4e) ;; use mu4e for e-mail in emacs (setq mail-user-agent 'mu4e-user-agent) ;; the next are relative to the root maildir ;; (see `mu info`). ;; instead of strings, they can be functions too, see ;; their docstring or the chapter 'Dynamic folders' (setq mu4e-sent-folder "/sent" mu4e-drafts-folder "/drafts" mu4e-trash-folder "/trash") ;; the maildirs you use frequently; access them with 'j' ('jump') (setq mu4e-maildir-shortcuts '((:maildir "/archive" :key ?a) (:maildir "/inbox" :key ?i) (:maildir "/work" :key ?w) (:maildir "/sent" :key ?s))) ;; the headers to show in the headers list -- a pair of a field ;; and its width, with `nil' meaning 'unlimited' ;; (better only use that for the last field. ;; These are the defaults: (setq mu4e-headers-fields '( (:date . 25) ;; alternatively, use :human-date (:flags . 6) (:from . 22) (:subject . nil))) ;; alternatively, use :thread-subject (add-to-list 'mu4e-bookmarks ;; ':favorite t' i.e, use this one for the modeline '(:query "maildir:/inbox" :name "Inbox" :key ?i :favorite t)) ;; program to get mail; alternatives are 'fetchmail', 'getmail' ;; isync or your own shellscript. called when 'U' is pressed in ;; main view. ;; If you get your mail without an explicit command, ;; use "true" for the command (this is the default) (setq mu4e-get-mail-command "offlineimap") ;; general emacs mail settings; used when composing e-mail ;; the non-mu4e-* stuff is inherited from emacs/message-mode (setq mu4e-compose-reply-to-address "foo@@bar.example.com" user-mail-address "foo@@bar.example.com" user-full-name "Foo X. Bar") (setq message-signature "Foo X. Bar\nhttp://www.example.com\n") ;; smtp mail setting (setq message-send-mail-function 'smtpmail-send-it smtpmail-default-smtp-server "smtp.example.com" smtpmail-smtp-server "smtp.example.com" smtpmail-local-domain "example.com" ;; if you need offline mode, set these -- and create the queue dir ;; with 'mu mkdir', i.e.. mu mkdir /home/user/Maildir/queue smtpmail-queue-mail nil smtpmail-queue-dir "/home/user/Maildir/queue/cur") ;; don't keep message buffers around (setq message-kill-buffer-on-exit t) @end lisp @node Gmail configuration @section Gmail configuration @emph{Gmail} is a popular e-mail provider; let's see how we can make it work with @t{mu4e}. Since we are using @abbr{IMAP}, you must enable that in the Gmail web interface (in the settings, under the ``Forwarding and POP/IMAP''-tab). Gmail users may also be interested in @ref{Including related messages}, and in @ref{Skipping duplicates}. @subsection Setting up offlineimap First of all, we need a program to get the e-mail from Gmail to our local machine; for this we use @t{offlineimap}; on Debian (and derivatives like Ubuntu), this is as easy as: @verbatim $ sudo apt-get install offlineimap @end verbatim while on Fedora (and similar) you need: @verbatim $ sudo yum install offlineimap @end verbatim Then, we can configure @t{offlineimap} by editing @file{~/.offlineimaprc}: @verbatim [general] accounts = Gmail maxsyncaccounts = 3 [Account Gmail] localrepository = Local remoterepository = Remote [Repository Local] type = Maildir localfolders = ~/Maildir [Repository Remote] type = IMAP remotehost = imap.gmail.com remoteuser = USERNAME@gmail.com remotepass = PASSWORD ssl = yes maxconnections = 1 @end verbatim Obviously, you need to replace @t{USERNAME} and @t{PASSWORD} with your actual Gmail username and password. After this, you should be able to download your mail: @verbatim $ offlineimap OfflineIMAP 6.3.4 Copyright 2002-2011 John Goerzen & contributors. Licensed under the GNU GPL v2+ (v2 or any later version). Account sync Gmail: ***** Processing account Gmail Copying folder structure from IMAP to Maildir Establishing connection to imap.gmail.com:993. Folder sync [Gmail]: Syncing INBOX: IMAP -> Maildir Syncing [Gmail]/All Mail: IMAP -> Maildir Syncing [Gmail]/Drafts: IMAP -> Maildir Syncing [Gmail]/Sent Mail: IMAP -> Maildir Syncing [Gmail]/Spam: IMAP -> Maildir Syncing [Gmail]/Starred: IMAP -> Maildir Syncing [Gmail]/Trash: IMAP -> Maildir Account sync Gmail: ***** Finished processing account Gmail @end verbatim We can now run @command{mu} to make sure things work: @verbatim $ mu index mu: indexing messages under /home/foo/Maildir [/home/foo/.cache/mu/xapian] | processing mail; checked: 520; updated/new: 520, cleaned-up: 0 mu: elapsed: 3 second(s), ~ 173 msg/s mu: cleaning up messages [/home/foo/.cache/mu/xapian] / processing mail; checked: 520; updated/new: 0, cleaned-up: 0 mu: elapsed: 0 second(s) @end verbatim We can run both the @t{offlineimap} and the @t{mu index} from within @t{mu4e}, but running it from the command line makes it a bit easier to troubleshoot as we are setting things up. Note: when using encryption, you probably do @emph{not} want to synchronize your Drafts-folder, since it contains the unencrypted messages. You can use OfflineIMAP's @t{folderfilter} for that. @subsection Settings Next step: let's make a @t{mu4e} configuration for this: @lisp (require 'mu4e) ;; use mu4e for e-mail in emacs (setq mail-user-agent 'mu4e-user-agent) (setq mu4e-drafts-folder "/[Gmail].Drafts") (setq mu4e-sent-folder "/[Gmail].Sent Mail") (setq mu4e-trash-folder "/[Gmail].Trash") ;; don't save message to Sent Messages, Gmail/IMAP takes care of this (setq mu4e-sent-messages-behavior 'delete) ;; (See the documentation for `mu4e-sent-messages-behavior' if you have ;; additional non-Gmail addresses and want assign them different ;; behavior.) ;; setup some handy shortcuts ;; you can quickly switch to your Inbox -- press ``ji'' ;; then, when you want archive some messages, move them to ;; the 'All Mail' folder by pressing ``ma''. (setq mu4e-maildir-shortcuts '( (:maildir "/INBOX" :key ?i) (:maildir "/[Gmail].Sent Mail" :key ?s) (:maildir "/[Gmail].Trash" :key ?t) (:maildir "/[Gmail].All Mail" :key ?a))) (add-to-list 'mu4e-bookmarks ;; ':favorite t' i.e, use this one for the modeline '(:query "maildir:/inbox" :name "Inbox" :key ?i :favorite t)) ;; allow for updating mail using 'U' in the main view: (setq mu4e-get-mail-command "offlineimap") ;; something about ourselves (setq user-mail-address "USERNAME@@gmail.com" user-full-name "Foo X. Bar" message-signature (concat "Foo X. Bar\n" "http://www.example.com\n")) ;; sending mail -- replace USERNAME with your gmail username ;; also, make sure the gnutls command line utils are installed ;; package 'gnutls-bin' in Debian/Ubuntu (require 'smtpmail) (setq message-send-mail-function 'smtpmail-send-it starttls-use-gnutls t smtpmail-starttls-credentials '(("smtp.gmail.com" 587 nil nil)) smtpmail-auth-credentials '(("smtp.gmail.com" 587 "USERNAME@@gmail.com" nil)) smtpmail-default-smtp-server "smtp.gmail.com" smtpmail-smtp-server "smtp.gmail.com" smtpmail-smtp-service 587) ;; alternatively, for emacs-24 you can use: ;;(setq message-send-mail-function 'smtpmail-send-it ;; smtpmail-stream-type 'starttls ;; smtpmail-default-smtp-server "smtp.gmail.com" ;; smtpmail-smtp-server "smtp.gmail.com" ;; smtpmail-smtp-service 587) ;; don't keep message buffers around (setq message-kill-buffer-on-exit t) @end lisp And that's it --- put the above in your emacs initialization file, change @t{USERNAME} etc. to your own, restart Emacs, and run @kbd{M-x mu4e}. @node CONF Other settings @section Other settings Finally, here are some more settings that are useful, but not enabled by default for various reasons. @lisp ;; use 'fancy' non-ascii characters in various places in mu4e (setq mu4e-use-fancy-chars t) ;; save attachment to my desktop (this can also be a function) (setq mu4e-attachment-dir "~/Desktop") ;; attempt to show images when viewing messages (setq mu4e-view-show-images t) @end lisp @node FAQ @appendix FAQ --- Frequently Asked Questions In this chapter we list a number of actual and anticipated questions and their answers. @menu * General::General questions and answers about @t{mu4e} * Retrieving mail::Getting mail and indexing * Reading messages::Dealing with incoming messages * Writing messages::Dealing with outgoing messages * Known issues::Limitations we know about @end menu @node General @section General @subsection Results from @t{mu} and @t{mu4e} differ - why? @anchor{mu-mu4e-differ} In general, the same queries for @command{mu} and @t{mu4e} should yield the same results. If they differ, this is usually because one of the following reasons: @itemize @item different options: @t{mu4e} defaults to having @t{mu4e-headers-include-related}, and @t{mu4e-headers-results-limit} set to 500. However, the command-line @command{mu find}'s corresponding @t{--include-related} is false, and there's no limit (@t{--maxnum}). @item reverse sorting: The results may be different when @t{mu4e} and @command{mu find} do not both sort their results in the same direction. @item shell quoting issues: Depending on the shell, various shell metacharacters in search query (such as @t{*}) may be expanded by the shell before @command{mu} ever sees them, and the query may not be what you think it is. Quoting is necessary. @end itemize @subsection The unread/all counts in the main-screen differ from the 'real' numbers - what's going on? For speed reasons, the counts do not exclude messages that no longer exist in the file-system, nor does it exclude duplicate messages; @xref{mu-mu4e-differ}. @subsection How can I quickly delete/move/trash a lot of messages? You can select ('mark' in Emacs-speak) messages, just like you would select text in a buffer; the actions you then take (e.g., @key{DEL} for delete, @key{m} for move and @key{t} for trash) apply to all selected messages. You can also use functions like @code{mu4e-headers-mark-thread} (@key{T}), @code{mu4e-headers-mark-subthread} (@key{t}) to mark whole threads at the same time, and @code{mu4e-headers-mark-pattern} (@key{%}) to mark all messages matching a certain regular expression. @subsection Can I automatically apply the marks on messages when leaving the headers buffer? Yes you can --- see the documentation for the variable @t{mu4e-headers-leave-behavior}. @subsection How can I set @t{mu4e} as the default e-mail client in Emacs? See @ref{Default email client}. @subsection Can @t{mu4e} use some fancy Unicode instead of these boring plain-ASCII ones? Glad you asked! Yes, if you set @code{mu4e-use-fancy-chars} to @t{t}, @t{mu4e} uses such fancy characters in a number of places. Since not all fonts include all characters, you may want to install the @t{unifont} and/or @t{symbola} fonts on your system. @subsection Can I start @t{mu4e} in the background? Yes --- if you provide a prefix-argument (@key{C-u}), @t{mu4e} starts, but does not show the main-window. @subsection Does @t{mu4e} support searching for CJK (Chinese-Japanese-Korean) characters? Only partially. If you have @t{Xapian} 1.2.8 or newer, and set the environment variable @t{XAPIAN_CJK_NGRAM} to non-empty before indexing, both when using @t{mu} from the command-line and from @t{mu4e}. @subsection How can I customize the function to select a folder? The @t{mu4e-completing-read-function} variable can be customized to select a folder in any way. The variable can be set to a function that receives five arguments, following @t{completing-read}. The default value is @code{ido-completing-read}; to use emacs's default behavior, set the variable to @code{completing-read}. Helm users can use the same value, and by enabling @code{helm-mode} use helm-style completion. @subsection With a lot of Maildir folders, jumping to them can get slow. What can I do? Set @code{mu4e-cache-maildir-list} to @code{t} (make sure to read its docstring). @subsection How can I hide certain messages from the search results? See the variables @code{mu4e-headers-hide-predicate} and @code{mu4e-headers-hide-enabled}. The latter can be toggled through @code{mu4e-headers-toggle-property}. For example, to filter out GMail's spam folder, set it to: @lisp (setq mu4e-headers-hide-predicate (lambda (msg) (string-suffix-p "Spam" (mu4e-message-field msg :maildir)))) @end lisp @subsection I'm getting an error 'Variable binding depth exceeds max-specpdl-size' when using mu4e -- what can I do about it? The error occurs because @t{mu4e} is binding more variables than @t{emacs} allows for, by default. You can avoid this by setting a higher value, e.g. by adding the following to your configuration: @lisp (setq max-specpdl-size 5000) @end lisp Note that Emacs 29 obsoletes this variable. @node Retrieving mail @section Retrieving mail @subsection How can I get notifications when receiving mail? There is @code{mu4e-index-updated-hook}, which gets triggered when the indexing process triggered sees an update (not just new mail though). To use this hook, put something like the following in your setup (assuming you have @t{aplay} and some soundfile, change as needed): @lisp (add-hook 'mu4e-index-updated-hook (defun new-mail-sound () (shell-command "aplay ~/Sounds/boing.wav&"))) @end lisp @subsection I'm getting mail through a local mailserver. What should I use for @code{mu4e-get-mail-command}? Use the literal string @t{"true"} (or don't do anything, it's the default) which then uses @t{/bin/true} (a command that does nothing and always succeeds). This makes getting mail a no-op, but the messages are still re-indexed. @subsection How can I re-index my messages without getting new mail? Use @kbd{M-x mu4e-update-index} @subsection When I try to run @t{mu index} while @t{mu4e} is running I get errors For instance: @verbatim mu: mu_store_new_writable: xapian error 'Unable to get write lock on ~/.cache/mu/xapian: already locked @end verbatim What to do about this? You get this error because the underlying Xapian database is locked by some other process; it can be opened only once in read-write mode. There is not much @t{mu4e} can do about this, but if is another @command{mu} instance that is holding the lock, you can ask it to (gracefully) terminate: @verbatim pkill -2 -u $UID mu # send SIGINT sleep 1 mu index @end verbatim @t{mu4e} automatically restarts @t{mu} when it needs it. In practice, this seems to work quite well. @subsection How can I disable the @t{Indexing...} messages? Set the variable @code{mu4e-hide-index-messages} to non-@t{nil}. @subsection IMAP-synchronization and file-name changes Some IMAP-synchronization programs such as @t{mbsync} (but not @t{offlineimap}) don't like it when message files do not change their names when they are moved to different folders. @t{mu4e} can attempt to help with this - you can set the variable @code{mu4e-change-filenames-when-moving} to non-@t{nil}. @subsection @command{offlineimap} and UTF-7 @command{offlineimap} uses IMAP's UTF-7 for encoding non-ascii folder names, while @command{mu} expects UTF-8 (so, e.g. @t{/まりもえ お}@footnote{some Japanese characters} becomes @t{/&MH4wijCCMEgwSg-}). This is best solved by telling @command{offlineimap} to use UTF-8 instead --- see @uref{https://github.com/djcb/mu/issues/68#issuecomment-8598652,this ticket}. @subsection @command{mbsync} or @command{offlineimap} do not sync properly Unfortunately, @command{mbsync} and/or @command{offlineimap} do not always agree with @t{mu} about the meaning of various Maildir-flags. If you encounter unexpected behavior, it is recommended you check before and after a sync-operation. If the problem only shows up @emph{after} sync'ing, the problem is with the sync-program, and it's most productive to complain there. Also, you may want to ensure that @t{mu4e-index-lazy-check} is kept at its default (@t{nil}) value, since it seems @command{mbsync} can make changes that escape a 'lazy' check. Furthermore, there have been quite a few related queries on the mailing-list; worthwhile to check out. @node Reading messages @section Reading messages @subsection Opening messages is slower than expected - why? @t{mu4e} is designed to be very fast, even with large amounts of mail. However, if you experience slowdowns, here are some things to consider: @itemize @item opening messages while indexing: @t{mu4e} communicates with the @t{mu} server mostly synchronously; this means that you can do only one thing at a time. The one operation that potentially does take a bit of time is indexing of mail. Indexing does happen asynchronously, but still can slow down @t{mu} enough that users may notice. For some strategies to reduce that time, see the next question. @item getting contact information can take some time: especially when opening @t{mu4e} the first time and you have a @emph{lot} of contacts, it can take a few seconds to process those. Note that @t{mu4e} 1.3 and higher only get @emph{changed} contacts in subsequent updates (after and indexing operation), so this should be less of a concern. And you can tweak what contacts you get using @var{mu4e-compose-complete-only-personal}, @var{mu4e-compose-complete-only-after} and @var{mu4e-compose-complete-max}. @item decryption / sign verification: encrypted / signed messages sometimes require network access, and this may take a while; certainly if the needed servers cannot be found. Part of this may be that influential environment variables are not set in the emacs environment. @end itemize If you still experience unexpected slowness, you can of course file a ticket, but please be sure to mention the following: @itemize @item are all messages slow or only some messages? @item if it's only some messages, is there something specific about them? @item in addition, please a (sufficiently censored version of) a message that is slow @item is opening @emph{always} slow or only sometimes? When? @end itemize @subsection How can I word-wrap long lines in when viewing a message? You can toggle between wrapped and non-wrapped states using @key{w}. If you want to do this automatically, invoke @code{visual-line-mode} in your @code{mu4e-view-rendered-hook} (@code{mu4e-view-mode-hook} fires too early). @subsection How can I perform custom actions on messages and attachments? See @ref{Actions}. @subsection How can I prevent @t{mu4e} from automatically marking messages as `read' when I read them? Set @code{mu4e-view-auto-mark-as-read} to @code{nil}. @subsection Does @t{mu4e} support including all related messages in a thread, like Gmail does? Yes --- see @ref{Including related messages}. @subsection There seems to be a lot of duplicate messages --- how can I get rid of them? See @ref{Skipping duplicates}. @subsection Some messages are almost unreadable in emacs --- can I view them in an external web browser? Indeed, airlines often send messages that heavily depend on html and are hard to digest inside emacs. Fortunately, there's an @emph{action} (@ref{Message view actions}) defined for this. Simply add to your configuration: @lisp (add-to-list 'mu4e-view-actions '("ViewInBrowser" . mu4e-action-view-in-browser) t) @end lisp Now, when viewing such a difficult message, type @kbd{aV}, and the message opens inside a web browser. You can influence the browser to use with @code{browse-url-generic-program}. @subsection How can I read encrypted messages that I sent? Since you do not own the recipient's key you typically cannot read those mails --- so the trick is to encrypt outgoing mails with your key, too. This can be automated by adding the following snippet to your configuration (courtesy of user @t{kpachnis}): @lisp (require 'epg-config) (setq mml2015-use 'epg epg-user-id "gpg_key_id" mml2015-encrypt-to-self t mml2015-sign-with-sender t) @end lisp @node Writing messages @section Writing messages @subsection How can I automatically set the @t{From:}-address for a reply-message? See @ref{Compose hooks}. @subsection How can I dynamically determine the folders for draft/sent/trashed messages? See @ref{Dynamic folders}. @subsection How can I define aliases for (groups of) e-mail addresses? See @ref{(emacs) Mail Aliases}. @subsection How can I automatically add some header to an outgoing message? See @ref{Compose hooks}. @subsection How can I influence the way the original message looks when replying/forwarding? Since @code{mu4e-compose-mode} derives from @xref{(message) Top}, you can re-use many (though not @emph{all} of its facilities. @subsection How can I easily include attachments in the messages I write? You can drag-and-drop from your desktop; alternatively, you can use @ref{(emacs) Dired}. @subsection How can I start a new message-thread from a reply? Remove the @t{In-Reply-To} header, and @t{mu4e} automatically removes the (hidden) @t{References} header as well when sending it. This makes the message show up as a top-level message rather than as a response. @subsection How can I attach an existing message? Use @code{mu4e-action-capture-message} (i.e., @kbd{a c} in the headers view) to `capture' the to-be-attached message, then when editing the message, use @kbd{M-x mu4e-compose-attach-captured-message}. @subsection How can I sign or encrypt messages? You can do so using Emacs' MIME-support --- check the @t{Attachments}-menu while composing a message. Also see @ref{Signing and encrypting}. @subsection Address auto-completion misses some addresses If you have set @code{mu4e-compose-complete-only-personal} to non-nil, @t{mu4e} only completes 'personal' addresses - so you tell it about your e-mail addresses when setting up the database (@t{mu init}); @ref{Initializing the message store}. If you cannot find specific addresses you'd expect to find, inspect the values of @var{mu4e-compose-complete-only-personal}, @var{mu4e-compose-complete-only-after} and @var{mu4e-compose-complete-max}. @subsection How can I get rid of the message buffer after sending? @lisp (setq message-kill-buffer-on-exit t) @end lisp @subsection Sending big messages is slow and blocks emacs --- what can I do about it? For this, there's @uref{https://github.com/jwiegley/emacs-async,emacs-async} (also available from the Emacs package repository); add the following snippet to your configuration: @lisp (require 'smtpmail-async) (setq send-mail-function 'async-smtpmail-send-it message-send-mail-function 'async-smtpmail-send-it) @end lisp With this, messages are sent using a background Emacs instance. A word of warning though, this tends to not be as reliable as sending the message in the normal, synchronous fashion, and people have reported silent failures, where mail sending fails for some reason without any indication of that. You can check the progress of the background delivery by checking the @t{*Messages*}-buffer, which should show something like: @verbatim Delivering message to "William Shakespeare" ... Mark set Saving file /home/djcb/Maildir/sent/cur/20130706-044350-darklady:2,S... Wrote /home/djcb/Maildir/sent/cur/20130706-044350-darklady:2,S Sending...done @end verbatim The first and final messages are the most important, and there may be considerable time between them, depending on the size of the message. @subsection Is it possible to view headers and messages, or compose new ones, in a separate frame or window? Yes. There is built-in support for composing messages in a new frame or window. Either use Emacs' standard @t{compose-mail-other-frame} (@kbd{C-x 5 m}) and @t{compose-mail-other-window} (@kbd{C-x 4 m}) if you have set up @t{mu4e} as your Emacs e-mailer. Additionally, there's the variable @code{mu4e-compose-switch} (see its docstring) which you can customize to influence how @t{mu4e} creates new messages. @subsection How can I apply format=flowed to my outgoing messages? This enables receiving clients that support this feature to reflow paragraphs. Plain text emails with @t{Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed} can be reflowed (i.e. line endings removed, paragraphs refilled) by receiving clients that support this standard. Clients that don't support this, show them as is, which means this feature is truly non-invasive. Here's an explanatory blog post which also shows why this is a desirable feature: @url{https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/gmail-plain-text} (if you don't have it, your mails mostly look quite bad especially on mobile devices) and here's the @uref{https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2646.txt,RFC with all the details}. Since version 0.9.17, @t{mu4e} sends emails with @t{format=flowed} by setting @lisp (setq mu4e-compose-format-flowed t) @end lisp @noindent in your Emacs init file (@file{~/.emacs} or @file{~/.emacs.d/init.el}). The transformation of your message into the proper format is done at the time of sending. For this to happen properly, you should write each paragraph of your message of as a long line (i.e. without carriage return). If you introduce unwanted newlines in your paragraph, use @kbd{M-q} to reformat it as a single line. If you want to send the message with paragraphs on single lines but without @t{format=flowed} (because, say, the receiver does not understand the latter as it is the case for Google or Github), use @kbd{M-x use-hard-newlines} (to turn @code{use-hard-newlines} off) or uncheck the box @t{format=flowed} in the @t{Text} menu when composing a message. @subsection How can I force images to be shown at the end of my messages, regardless of where I insert them? User Marcin Borkowski has a solution: @lisp (defun mml-attach-file--go-to-eob (orig-fun &rest args) "Go to the end of buffer before attaching files." (save-excursion (save-restriction (widen) (goto-char (point-max)) (apply orig-fun args)))) (advice-add 'mml-attach-file :around #'mml-attach-file--go-to-eob) @end lisp @subsection How can I avoid Outlook display issues? Limited testing shows that certain Outlook clients do not work well with inline replies, and the entire message including-and-below the first quoted section is collapsed. This means recipients may not even notice important inline text, especially if there is some top-posted content. This has been observed on OS X, Windows, and Web-based Outlook clients accessing Office 365. It appears the bug is triggered by the standard reply regex "On ... wrote:". Changing "On", or removing the trailing ":" appears to fix the bug (in limited testing). Therefore, a simple work-around is to set `message-citation-line-format` to something slightly non-standard, such as: @lisp (setq message-citation-line-format "On %Y-%m-%d at %R %Z, %f wrote...") @end lisp @node Known issues @section Known issues Although they are not really @emph{questions}, we end this chapter with a list of known issues and/or missing features in @t{mu4e}. Thus, users won't have to search in vain for things that are not there (yet), and the author can use it as a todo-list. @subsection UTF-8 language environment is required @t{mu4e} does not work well if the Emacs language environment is not UTF-8; so, if you encounter problems with encodings, be sure to have @code{(set-language-environment "UTF-8")} in your @file{~/.emacs} (or its moral equivalents in other places). @subsection Headers-buffer can get mis-aligned Due to the way the headers buffer works, it can get misaligned. For the particular case where the header values are misaligned with the column headings, you can try something like the following: @lisp (add-hook 'mu4e-headers-mode-hook #'my-mu4e-headers-mode-hook) (defun my-mu4e-headers-mode-hook () ;; Account for the fringe and other spacing in the header line. (header-line-indent-mode 1) (push (propertize " " 'display '(space :align-to header-line-indent-width)) header-line-format) ;; Ensure `text-scale-adjust' scales the header line with the headers themselves ;; by ensuring the `default' face is in the inheritance hierarchy. (face-remap-add-relative 'header-line '(:inherit (mu4e-header-face default))) @end lisp This does not solve all possible issues; that would require a thorough rework of the headers-view, which may happen at some time. @node Tips and Tricks @appendix Tips and Tricks @menu * Fancy characters:: Non-ascii characters in the UI * Refiling messages:: Moving message to some archive folder * Saving outgoing messages:: Automatically save sent messages * Confirmation before sending:: Check messages before sending @end menu @node Fancy characters @section Fancy characters When using `fancy characters' (@code{mu4e-use-fancy-chars}) with the @emph{Inconsolata}-font (and likely others as well), the display may be slightly off; the reason for this issue is that Inconsolata does not contain the glyphs for the `fancy' arrows and the glyphs that are used as replacements are too high. To fix this, you can use something like the following workaround (in your @t{.emacs}-file): @lisp (when (equal window-system 'x) (set-fontset-font "fontset-default" 'unicode "Dejavu Sans Mono") (set-face-font 'default "Inconsolata-10")) @end lisp Other fonts with good support for Unicode are @t{unifont} and @t{symbola}. For a more complete solution, but with greater overhead, you can also try the @emph{unicode-fonts} package: @lisp (require 'unicode-fonts) (require 'persistent-soft) ; To cache the fonts and reduce load time (unicode-fonts-setup) @end lisp It's possible to customize various header marks as well, with a ``fancy'' and ``non-fancy'' version (if you cannot see some the ``fancy'' characters, that is an indication that the font you are using does not support those characters. @lisp (setq mu4e-headers-draft-mark '("D" . "💈") mu4e-headers-flagged-mark '("F" . "📍") mu4e-headers-new-mark '("N" . "🔥") mu4e-headers-passed-mark '("P" . "❯") mu4e-headers-replied-mark '("R" . "❮") mu4e-headers-seen-mark '("S" . "☑") mu4e-headers-trashed-mark '("T" . "💀") mu4e-headers-attach-mark '("a" . "📎") mu4e-headers-encrypted-mark '("x" . "🔒") mu4e-headers-signed-mark '("s" . "🔑") mu4e-headers-unread-mark '("u" . "⎕") mu4e-headers-list-mark '("l" . "🔈") mu4e-headers-personal-mark '("p" . "👨") mu4e-headers-calendar-mark '("c" . "📅")) @end lisp @node Refiling messages @section Refiling messages By setting @code{mu4e-refile-folder} to a function, you can dynamically determine where messages are to be refiled. If you want to do this based on the subject of a message, you can use a function that matches the subject against a list of regexes in the following way. First, set up a variable @code{my-mu4e-subject-alist} containing regexes plus associated mail folders: @lisp (defvar my-mu4e-subject-alist '(("kolloqui\\(um\\|a\\)" . "/Kolloquium") ("Calls" . "/Calls") ("Lehr" . "/Lehre") ("webseite\\|homepage\\|website" . "/Webseite")) "List of subjects and their respective refile folders.") @end lisp Now you can use the following function to automatically refile messages based on their subject line: @lisp (defun my-mu4e-refile-folder-function (msg) "Set the refile folder for MSG." (let ((subject (mu4e-message-field msg :subject)) (folder (or (cdar (member* subject my-mu4e-subject-alist :test #'(lambda (x y) (string-match (car y) x)))) "/General"))) folder)) @end lisp Note the @t{"/General"} folder: it is the default folder in case the subject does not match any of the regexes in @code{my-mu4e-subject-alist}. In order to make this work, you'll of course need to set @code{mu4e-refile-folder} to this function: @lisp (setq mu4e-refile-folder 'my-mu4e-refile-folder-function) @end lisp If you have multiple accounts, you can accommodate them as well: @lisp (defun my-mu4e-refile-folder-function (msg) "Set the refile folder for MSG." (let ((maildir (mu4e-message-field msg :maildir)) (subject (mu4e-message-field msg :subject)) folder) (cond ((string-match "Account1" maildir) (setq folder (or (catch 'found (dolist (mailing-list my-mu4e-mailing-lists) (if (mu4e-message-contact-field-matches msg :to (car mailing-list)) (throw 'found (cdr mailing-list))))) "/Account1/General"))) ((string-match "Gmail" maildir) (setq folder "/Gmail/All Mail")) ((string-match "Account2" maildir) (setq folder (or (cdar (member* subject my-mu4e-subject-alist :test #'(lambda (x y) (string-match (car y) x)))) "/Account2/General")))) folder)) @end lisp This function actually uses different methods to determine the refile folder, depending on the account: for @emph{Account2}, it uses @code{my-mu4e-subject-alist}, for the @emph{Gmail} account it simply uses the folder ``All Mail''. For Account1, it uses another method: it files the message based on the mailing list to which it was sent. This requires another variable: @lisp (defvar my-mu4e-mailing-lists '(("mu-discuss@@googlegroups.com" . "/Account1/mu4e") ("pandoc-discuss@@googlegroups.com" . "/Account1/Pandoc") ("auctex@@gnu.org" . "/Account1/AUCTeX")) "List of mailing list addresses and folders where their messages are saved.") @end lisp @node Saving outgoing messages @section Saving outgoing messages Like @code{mu4e-refile-folder}, the variable @code{mu4e-sent-folder} can also be set to a function, in order to dynamically determine the save folder. One might, for example, wish to automatically put messages going to mailing lists into the trash (because you'll receive them back from the list anyway). If you have set up the variable @code{my-mu4e-mailing-lists} as mentioned, you can use the following function to determine a 'sent'-folder: @lisp (defun my-mu4e-sent-folder-function (msg) "Set the sent folder for the current message." (let ((from-address (message-field-value "From")) (to-address (message-field-value "To"))) (cond ((string-match "my.address@@account1.example.com" from-address) (if (member* to-address my-mu4e-mailing-lists :test #'(lambda (x y) (string-match (car y) x))) "/Trash" "/Account1/Sent")) ((string-match "my.address@@gmail.com" from-address) "/Gmail/Sent Mail") (t (mu4e-ask-maildir-check-exists "Save message to maildir: "))))) @end lisp Note that this function doesn't use @code{(mu4e-message-field msg :maildir)} to determine which account the message is being sent from. The reason is that the function in @code{mu4e-sent-folder} is called when you send the message, but before @t{mu4e} has created the message struct from the compose buffer, so that @code{mu4e-message-field} cannot be used. Instead, the function uses @code{message-field-value}, which extracts the values of the headers in the compose buffer. This means that it is not possible to extract the account name from the message's maildir, so instead the from address is used to determine the account. Again, the function shows three different possibilities: for the first account (@t{my.address@@account1.example.com}) it uses @code{my-mu4e-mailing-lists} again to determine if the message goes to a mailing list. If so, the message is put in the trash folder, if not, it is saved in @t{/Account1/Sent}. For the second (Gmail) account, sent mail is simply saved in the Sent Mail folder. If the from address is not associated with Account1 or with the Gmail account, the function uses @code{mu4e-ask-maildir-check-exists} to ask the user for a maildir to save the message in. @node Confirmation before sending @section Confirmation before sending To protect yourself from sending messages too hastily, you can add a final confirmation, which you can of course make as elaborate as you wish. @lisp (defun confirm-empty-subject () "Require confirmation before sending without subject." (let ((sub (message-field-value "Subject"))) (or (and sub (not (string-match "\\`[ \t]*\\'" sub))) (yes-or-no-p "Really send without Subject? ") (keyboard-quit)))) (add-hook 'message-send-hook #'confirm-empty-subject) @end lisp If you @emph{always} want to be asked for for confirmation, set @code{message-confirm-send} to non-@t{nil} so the question ``Send message?'' is asked for confirmation. @node How it works @appendix How it works While perhaps not interesting for all users of @t{mu4e}, some curious souls may want to know how @t{mu4e} does its job. @menu * High-level overview::How the pieces fit together * mu server::The mu process running in the background * Reading from the server::Processing responses from the server * The message s-expression::What messages look like from the inside @end menu @node High-level overview @section High-level overview At a high level, we can summarize the structure of the @t{mu4e} system using some ascii-art: @cartouche @example +---------+ | emacs | | +------+ +----| mu4e | --> send mail (smtpmail) +------+ | A V | ---/ search, view, move mail +---------+ \ | mu | +---------+ | A V | +---------+ | Maildir | <--- receive mail (fetchmail, +---------+ offlineimap, ...) @end example @end cartouche In words: @itemize @item Your e-mail messages are stored in a Maildir-directory (typically, @file{~/Maildir} and its subdirectories), and new mail comes in using tools like @t{fetchmail}, @t{offlineimap}, or through a local mail server. @item @t{mu} indexes these messages periodically, so you can quickly search for them. @t{mu} can run in a special @t{server}-mode, where it provides services to client software. @item @t{mu4e}, which runs inside Emacs is such a client; it communicates with @command{mu} (in its @t{server}-mode) to search for messages, and manipulate them. @item @t{mu4e} uses the facilities offered by Emacs (the Gnus message editor and @t{smtpmail}) to send messages. @end itemize @node mu server @section @t{mu server} @t{mu4e} is based on the @t{mu} e-mail searching/indexer. The latter is a C++-program; there are different ways to communicate with a client that is emacs-based. One way to implement this, would be to call the @t{mu} command-line tool with some parameters and then parse the output. In fact, that was the first approach --- @t{mu4e} would invoke e.g., @t{mu find} and process the output in Emacs. However, with this approach, we need to load the entire e-mail @emph{Xapian} database (in which the message is stored) for each invocation. Wouldn't it be nicer to keep a running @t{mu} instance around? Indeed, it would --- and thus, the @t{mu server} sub-command was born. Running @t{mu server} starts a simple shell, in which you can give commands to @command{mu}, which then spits out the results/errors. @command{mu server} is not meant for humans, but it can be used manually, which is great for debugging. @node Reading from the server @section Reading from the server In the design, the next question was what format @t{mu} should use for its output for @t{mu4e} (Emacs) to process. Some other programs use @abbr{JSON} here, but it seemed easier (and possibly, more efficient) just to talk to Emacs in its native language: @emph{s-expressions}, and interpret those using the Emacs-function @code{read-from-string}. See @ref{The message s-expression} for details on the format. So, now let's look at how we process the data from @t{mu server} in Emacs. We'll leave out a lot of details, @t{mu4e}-specifics, and look at a bit more generic approach. The first thing to do is to create a process (for example, with @code{start-process}), and then register a filter function for it, which is invoked whenever the process has some data for us. Something like: @lisp (let ((proc (start-process ))) (set-process-filter proc 'my-process-filter) (set-process-sentinel proc 'my-process-sentinel)) @end lisp Note, the process sentinel is invoked when the process is terminated --- so there you can clean things up. The function @code{my-process-filter} is a user-defined function that takes the process and the chunk of output as arguments; in @t{mu4e} it looks something like (pseudo-lisp): @lisp (defun my-process-filter (proc str) ;; mu4e-buf: a global string variable to which data gets appended ;; as we receive it (setq mu4e-buf (concat mu4e-buf str)) (when )) @end lisp @code{} de-multiplexes the s-expression we got. For example, if the s-expression looks like an e-mail message header, it is processed by the header-handling function, which appends it to the header list. If the s-expression looks like an error message, it is reported to the user. And so on. The language between frontend and backend is documented partly in the @t{mu-server} man-page and more completely in the output of @t{mu server --commands}. @t{mu4e} can log these communications; you can use @kbd{M-x mu4e-toggle-logging} to turn logging on and off, and you can view the log using @kbd{M-x mu4e-show-log} (@key{$}). @node The message s-expression @section The message s-expression As a word of warning, the details of the s-expression are internal to the mu4e - mu communications, and are subject to change between versions. A typical message s-expression looks something like the following: @lisp (:docid 32461 :from ((:name "Nikola Tesla" :email "niko@@example.com")) :to ((:name "Thomas Edison" :email "tom@@example.com")) :cc ((:name "Rupert The Monkey" :email "rupert@@example.com")) :subject "RE: what about the 50K?" :date (20369 17624 0) :size 4337 :message-id "C8233AB82D81EE81AF0114E4E74@@123213.mail.example.com" :path "/home/tom/Maildir/INBOX/cur/133443243973_1.10027.atlas:2,S" :maildir "/INBOX" :priority normal :flags (seen attach) .... ") @end lisp This s-expression forms a property list (@t{plist}), and we can get values from it using @t{plist-get}; for example @code{(plist-get msg :subject)} would get you the message subject. However, it's better to use the function @code{mu4e-message-field} to shield you from some of the implementation details that are subject to change; and see the other convenience functions in @file{mu4e-message.el}. Some notes on the format: @itemize @item The address fields are @emph{lists} of @t{plists} of the form @code{(:name :email )}, where @t{name} can be @t{nil}. @item The date is in format Emacs uses (for example in @code{current-time}).@footnote{Emacs 32-bit integers have only 29 bits available for the actual number; the other bits are use by Emacs for internal purposes. Therefore, we need to split @t{time_t} in two numbers.} @end itemize @subsection Example: ping-pong As an example of the communication between @t{mu4e} and @command{mu}, let's look at the @t{ping-pong}-sequence. When @t{mu4e} starts, it sends a command @t{ping} to the @t{mu server} backend, to learn about its version. @t{mu server} then responds with a @t{pong} s-expression to provide this information (this is implemented in @file{mu-cmd-server.c}). We start this sequence when @t{mu4e} is invoked (when the program is started). It calls @t{mu4e--server-ping}, and registers a (lambda) function for @t{mu4e-server-pong-func}, to handle the response. @verbatim -> (ping) <-(:pong "mu" :props (:version "x.x.x" :doccount 78545)) @end verbatim When we receive such a @t{pong} (in @file{mu4e-server.el}), the lambda function we registered is called, and it compares the version we got from the @t{pong} with the version we expected, and raises an error if they differ. @node Debugging @appendix Debugging As explained in @ref{How it works}, @t{mu4e} communicates with its backend (@t{mu server}) by sending commands and receiving responses (s-expressions). For debugging purposes, it can be very useful to see this data. For this reason, @t{mu4e} can log all these messages. Note that the `protocol' is documented to some extent in the @t{mu-server} manpage. You can enable (and disable) logging with @kbd{M-x mu4e-toggle-logging}. The log-buffer is called @t{*mu4e-log*}, and in the @ref{Main view}, @ref{Headers view} and @ref{Message view}, there's a keybinding @key{$} that takes you there. You can quit it by pressing @key{q}. Logging can be a bit resource-intensive, so you may not want to leave it on all the time. By default, the log only maintains the most recent 1200 lines. @t{mu} itself keeps a log as well, you can find it in @t{/mu.log}, on Unix typically @t{~/.cache/mu/mu.log}. @node GNU Free Documentation License @appendix GNU Free Documentation License @include fdl.texi @c @node Command Index @c @unnumbered Command and Function Index @c @printindex fn @c @node Variable Index @c @unnumbered Variable Index @c @printindex vr @node Concept Index @unnumbered Concept Index @printindex cp @bye @c Local Variables: @c coding: utf-8 @c End: