restic/doc/060_forget.rst

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#########################
Removing backup snapshots
#########################
All backup space is finite, so restic allows removing old snapshots.
This can be done either manually (by specifying a snapshot ID to remove)
or by using a policy that describes which snapshots to forget. For all
remove operations, two commands need to be called in sequence:
``forget`` to remove a snapshot and ``prune`` to actually remove the
data that was referenced by the snapshot from the repository. This can
be automated with the ``--prune`` option of the ``forget`` command,
which runs ``prune`` automatically if snapshots have been removed.
It is advisable to run ``restic check`` after pruning, to make sure
you are alerted, should the internal data structures of the repository
be damaged.
Remove a single snapshot
************************
The command ``snapshots`` can be used to list all snapshots in a
repository like this:
.. code-block:: console
$ restic -r /tmp/backup snapshots
enter password for repository:
ID Date Host Tags Directory
----------------------------------------------------------------------
40dc1520 2015-05-08 21:38:30 kasimir /home/user/work
79766175 2015-05-08 21:40:19 kasimir /home/user/work
bdbd3439 2015-05-08 21:45:17 luigi /home/art
590c8fc8 2015-05-08 21:47:38 kazik /srv
9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv
In order to remove the snapshot of ``/home/art``, use the ``forget``
command and specify the snapshot ID on the command line:
.. code-block:: console
$ restic -r /tmp/backup forget bdbd3439
enter password for repository:
removed snapshot d3f01f63
Afterwards this snapshot is removed:
.. code-block:: console
$ restic -r /tmp/backup snapshots
enter password for repository:
ID Date Host Tags Directory
----------------------------------------------------------------------
40dc1520 2015-05-08 21:38:30 kasimir /home/user/work
79766175 2015-05-08 21:40:19 kasimir /home/user/work
590c8fc8 2015-05-08 21:47:38 kazik /srv
9f0bc19e 2015-05-08 21:46:11 luigi /srv
But the data that was referenced by files in this snapshot is still
stored in the repository. To cleanup unreferenced data, the ``prune``
command must be run:
.. code-block:: console
$ restic -r /tmp/backup prune
enter password for repository:
counting files in repo
building new index for repo
[0:00] 100.00% 22 / 22 files
repository contains 22 packs (8512 blobs) with 100.092 MiB bytes
processed 8512 blobs: 0 duplicate blobs, 0B duplicate
load all snapshots
find data that is still in use for 1 snapshots
[0:00] 100.00% 1 / 1 snapshots
found 8433 of 8512 data blobs still in use
will rewrite 3 packs
creating new index
[0:00] 86.36% 19 / 22 files
saved new index as 544a5084
done
Afterwards the repository is smaller.
You can automate this two-step process by using the ``--prune`` switch
to ``forget``:
.. code-block:: console
$ restic forget --keep-last 1 --prune
snapshots for host mopped, directories /home/user/work:
keep 1 snapshots:
ID Date Host Tags Directory
----------------------------------------------------------------------
4bba301e 2017-02-21 10:49:18 mopped /home/user/work
remove 1 snapshots:
ID Date Host Tags Directory
----------------------------------------------------------------------
8c02b94b 2017-02-21 10:48:33 mopped /home/user/work
1 snapshots have been removed, running prune
counting files in repo
building new index for repo
[0:00] 100.00% 37 / 37 packs
repository contains 37 packs (5521 blobs) with 151.012 MiB bytes
processed 5521 blobs: 0 duplicate blobs, 0B duplicate
load all snapshots
find data that is still in use for 1 snapshots
[0:00] 100.00% 1 / 1 snapshots
found 5323 of 5521 data blobs still in use, removing 198 blobs
will delete 0 packs and rewrite 27 packs, this frees 22.106 MiB
creating new index
[0:00] 100.00% 30 / 30 packs
saved new index as b49f3e68
done
Removing snapshots according to a policy
****************************************
Removing snapshots manually is tedious and error-prone, therefore restic
allows specifying which snapshots should be removed automatically
according to a policy. You can specify how many hourly, daily, weekly,
monthly and yearly snapshots to keep, any other snapshots are removed.
The most important command-line parameter here is ``--dry-run`` which
instructs restic to not remove anything but print which snapshots would
be removed.
When ``forget`` is run with a policy, restic loads the list of all
snapshots, then groups these by host name and list of directories. The grouping
options can be set with ``--group-by``, to only group snapshots by paths and
tags use ``--group-by paths,tags``. The policy is then applied to each group of
snapshots separately. This is a safety feature.
The ``forget`` command accepts the following parameters:
- ``--keep-last n`` never delete the ``n`` last (most recent) snapshots
- ``--keep-hourly n`` for the last ``n`` hours in which a snapshot was
made, keep only the last snapshot for each hour.
- ``--keep-daily n`` for the last ``n`` days which have one or more
snapshots, only keep the last one for that day.
- ``--keep-weekly n`` for the last ``n`` weeks which have one or more
snapshots, only keep the last one for that week.
- ``--keep-monthly n`` for the last ``n`` months which have one or more
snapshots, only keep the last one for that month.
- ``--keep-yearly n`` for the last ``n`` years which have one or more
snapshots, only keep the last one for that year.
- ``--keep-tag`` keep all snapshots which have all tags specified by
this option (can be specified multiple times).
Additionally, you can restrict removing snapshots to those which have a
particular hostname with the ``--hostname`` parameter, or tags with the
``--tag`` option. When multiple tags are specified, only the snapshots
which have all the tags are considered. For example, the following command
removes all but the latest snapshot of all snapshots that have the tag ``foo``:
.. code-block:: console
$ restic forget --tag foo --keep-last 1
This command removes all but the last snapshot of all snapshots that have
either the ``foo`` or ``bar`` tag set:
.. code-block:: console
$ restic forget --tag foo --tag bar --keep-last 1
To only keep the last snapshot of all snapshots with both the tag ``foo`` and
``bar`` set use:
.. code-block:: console
$ restic forget --tag foo,tag bar --keep-last 1
All the ``--keep-*`` options above only count
hours/days/weeks/months/years which have a snapshot, so those without a
snapshot are ignored.
All snapshots are evaluated counted against all matching keep-* counts. A
single snapshot on 2017-09-30 (Sun) will count as a daily, weekly and monthly.
Let's explain this with an example: Suppose you have only made a backup
on each Sunday for 12 weeks. Then ``forget --keep-daily 4`` will keep
the last four snapshots for the last four Sundays, but remove the rest.
Only counting the days which have a backup and ignore the ones without
is a safety feature: it prevents restic from removing many snapshots
when no new ones are created. If it was implemented otherwise, running
``forget --keep-daily 4`` on a Friday would remove all snapshots!
Another example: Suppose you make daily backups for 100 years. Then
``forget --keep-daily 7 --keep-weekly 5 --keep-monthly 12 --keep-yearly 75``
will keep the most recent 7 daily snapshots, then 4 (remember, 7 dailies
already include a week!) last-day-of-the-weeks and 11 or 12
last-day-of-the-months (11 or 12 depends if the 5 weeklies cross a month).
And finally 75 last-day-of-the-year snapshots. All other snapshots are
removed.